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The idea and perception of good cyber security protection remains at the forefront of many organizations’ information and communication technology strategy and investment. However, delving deeper into the details of its implementation reveals that organizations’ human capital cyber security knowledge bases are very low. In particular, the lack of social engineering awareness is a concern in the context of human cyber security risks. This study highlights pitfalls and ongoing issues that organizations encounter in the process of developing the human knowledge to protect from social engineering attacks. A detailed literature review is provided to support these arguments with analysis of contemporary approaches. The findings show that despite state-of-the-art cyber security preparations and trained personnel, hackers are still successful in their malicious acts of stealing sensitive information that is crucial to organizations. The factors influencing users’ proficiency in threat detection and mitigation have been identified as business environmental, social, political, constitutional, organizational, economical, and personal. Challenges with respect to both traditional and modern tools have been analyzed to suggest the need for profiling at-risk employees (including new hires) and developing training programs at each level of the hierarchy to ensure that the hackers do not succeed.

We propose two differential equation-based models to investigate the impact of awareness programs on cholera dynamics. The first model represents the disease transmission rates as decreasing functions of the number of awareness programs, whereas the second model divides the susceptible individuals into two distinct classes depending on their awareness/unawareness of the risk of infection. We study the essential dynamical properties of each model, using both analytical and numerical approaches. We find that the two models, though closely related, exhibit significantly different dynamical behaviors. Namely, the first model follows regular threshold dynamics while rich dynamical behaviors such as backward bifurcation may arise from the second one. Our results highlight the importance of validating key modeling assumptions in the development and selection of mathematical models toward practical application.

An Australian longitudinal study of 319 Kindergartners developed, implemented and evaluated an intervention, the Pattern and Structure Mathematics Awareness Program (PASMAP). It comprised of repetitions and growing patterns, structured counting and grouping, grids and shapes, partitioning, additive and multiplicative structures, measurement and data, and transformations. Each component was implemented, evaluated and refined as a cyclic process in collaboration with co-operating teachers, replacing and extending the regular mathematics program. An innovative pedagogical approach was effective in engaging students in modelling and representing, visualising and generalising, and sustaining their learning. On an interview-based measure of mathematics achievement pre- and post-intervention, there were significant differences found between the intervention and comparison groups at the end of the intervention year (p<0.026) and highly significant differences found at the follow-up assessment (p<0.002) ten months later. A descriptive analysis showed students' progress through five levels of structural development where most students advanced through one or more levels as they progressed through the program. The upper third of students demonstrated emergent generalisations at the structural and advanced structural level which supported early algebraic thinking. Less-able students also showed impressive growth - half of these students moved from pre-structural to at least emergent level over the duration of the program. Students' growth in structural development is exemplified at five points during the intervention through fine-grained analyses of mathematical representations and explanations. The study demonstrates that Kindergartners are capable of developing mathematical patterns and structural relationships well beyond curriculum expectations. [Author abstract]

Traditional cybersecurity, security or information security awareness programs have become ineffective to change people's behavior in recognizing, failing to block or reporting cyberthreats within their organizational environment. As a result, human errors and actions continue to demonstrate that we are the weakest links in cybersecurity. This article studies the most recent cybersecurity awareness programs and its attributes. Furthermore, the authors compiled recent awareness methodologies, frameworks and approaches. The authors introduce a suggested awareness training model to address existing deficiencies in awareness training. The Cybersecurity Awareness TRAining Model (CATRAM) has been designed to deliver training to different organizational audiences, each of these groups with specific content and separate objectives. The authors concluded their study by addressing the need of future research to target new approaches to keep cybersecurity awareness focused on the everchanging cyberthreat landscape.

The major contributions to the noncommunicable disease is diabetes mellitus but knowledge and awareness of diabetes play a prominent role in understanding causes of diabetes mellitus. This article represents the scenarios on the study of a diabetes awareness model which is obtained by a nonlinear interaction between the number of diabetes patients and cumulative density of awareness program. Diabetes is a behavioral disease and not caused by infections, so increasing the prevalence of diabetes depends upon the unaware of people. Using fractional calculus, we have tried to explore the past behaviors of individuals in present regarding diabetes. The fractional-order model is solved completely using an effective homotopy analysis method (HAM). The analytical HAM solutions of the models find out by a collection of parameter values that are biologically feasible. Our findings suggest that awareness programs may minimize the prevalence of diabetes by education and awareness.

Objectives The study, conducted within the Israeli prison system, examines the psychological mechanisms that support correctional clients’ engagement with restorative justice (RJ), with a focus on incremental beliefs. It examines whether a psychological intervention aimed at strengthening these beliefs can affect attitudes toward RJ and the effectiveness of a victim awareness program (VAP). Methods Using a randomized controlled design ( N  = 153), participants were assigned to either an experimental group (intervention + RJ-based VAP) or a control group (VAP only). Self-report measures were collected at baseline, post-intervention, and one-month follow-up. Results The intervention significantly increased incremental beliefs and support for RJ, with effects persisting over time. Participants in the experimental group also reported greater emotional involvement during the program, particularly guilt, shame, remorse, and sadness. Mediation analysis showed that emotional involvement served as a mediator. Conclusions This study demonstrates the potential of belief-focused interventions to enhance both the perceived value and emotional effectiveness of RJ in correctional contexts.

Background: Promoting awareness of tobacco and cancer in the community needs multipronged efforts. We performed a study to evaluate whether we could raise awareness about the harmful effects of tobacco, oral and esophageal cancer among school students by providing them health education. Moreover, we also compared the awareness level in students of age group 12 to ≤14 years with the age group >14 to 18 years. Methods: We conducted an awareness program in the schools of Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra state. Students aged 12-18 years participated in this study. We provided health education to school students using a standard presentation; the presentation was rich in illustrations depicting the harmful effects of tobacco as well as oral and esophageal cancer's signs, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and preventive measures. After the health talk, a questionnaire was circulated. The questions were focused on tobacco, signs, and symptoms of the diseases along with early detection, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Results: A total of 1354 students participated in the program. Totally, 567 (41.9%) students were from 6th to 8th grade (Group A, age group 12 to ≤14) and 787 (58.1%) students were from 9th to 12th standards (Group B, age group >14 to 18). Overall scores were high, ranging from 69% to 98%. Group A scored in the range of 69% to 95%, and Group B scored in the range 72%-98% The difference between the two groups was found to be statistically significant (P-value ≤0.05). Conclusion: A standardized health education program helped to raise awareness about the harmful effects of tobacco and cancer amongst school children. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether educating school children has an impact on community understanding of the disease.

Background Antibiotics are pharmacological agents synthesized in laboratories or derived from microorganisms to inhibit the growth of other living microorganisms. Antibiotics resistance represents a serious problem described by WHO as “a global public health concern” especially in children. Aim To assess the impact of an antibiotic awareness program on the knowledge, attitude, and reported practices of mothers of children less than 5 years old Methods A quasi-experimental pre-post-test design was conducted at immunization and primary health care centers on 375 mothers. The intervention included a structured awareness program employing lectures, group discussions, and audiovisual materials. Researchers used tools to assess socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge, attitudes, and reported practices, aiming to improve mothers’ understanding and behavior regarding antibiotic use. Results The mothers’ knowledge exhibited a substantial increase, as reflected in the total mean score rising from 6.25 ± 1.72 in the pre-test to 10.85 ± 2.49 in the post-test. Furthermore, the participants’ attitudes witnessed a noteworthy shift, with the pre-test total mean score of 28.19 ± 10.12 experiencing a considerable improvement post-program to reach 59.60 ± 12.40. Additionally, the reported practices of the mothers displayed positive changes, as evidenced by an improvement in the total mean score from 6.36 ± 1.97 in the post-test. Conclusion The well-designed awareness programs can play a crucial role in empowering mothers to make informed decisions and adopt responsible practices, contributing to the overall effort in controlling antibiotic misuse and combating resistance in the context of child healthcare.

This study investigates the impact of an explicit and integrated dictionary awareness program on primary school pupils' dictionary use strategies. The survey involved a total of 150 participants, aged 10–12 years old, from mainstream and intercultural schools. Data was collected before and after the implementation of the program using the Strategy Inventory for Dictionary Use (SIDU), a reliable and validated self-report tool that accurately profiles paper dictionary users' reported use in real-life contexts (Gavriilidou 2013). The dictionary awareness program consisted of targeted activities and was implemented to a group of 75 students, including 50 from mainstream schools and 25 from an intercultural school. The findings suggest that there is a lack of dictionary culture among students attending Greek schools, as evidenced by the moderate strategic use of dictionaries and the incomplete integration of dictionaries as reference tools in the educational process. Additionally, the comparison of the percentage of each strategy category before and after the implementation of the program showed a significant effect of the program on all categories of Dictionary Use Strategies (DUS) employed by the experimental group. This study contributes to the discussion of the \"teachability\" of dictionary use strategies by highlighting the effectiveness of dictionary awareness programs in promoting a dictionary culture.