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To compare biometry and prediction of postoperative refractive outcomes obtained by two swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) biometers (IOLMaster 700 and Argos), and a partial coherence interferometry (IOLMaster ver 5.4). Biometric values were measured using two SS-OCT and PCI device and evaluated against one another. Predictive errors were compared at one month after cataract surgery. One hundred forty six eyes were considered. Axial length (AXL) measurements were not successful in 3 eyes measured by IOLMaster 700 and Argos devices, and in 17 eyes measured by IOLMaster ver. 5.4 devices. AXL as measured by Argos showed a tendency to be shorter in long eyes with AXL more than 26.0 mm (p < .001) and to be longer in short eyes with AXL less than 22.5 mm (p = .005). Anterior chamber depth as measured by IOLMaster ver. 5.4 was longer than that measured by the other two SS-OCT devices (vs. IOLMaster 700: p = .003; vs. Argos: p = .006). White-to-white diameter measured using Argos was significantly different measurements obtained using two IOLMaster (p < .001, respectively). The mean absolute postoperative prediction errors were 0.41 ± 0.31 diopters (D), 0.42 ± 0.32 D, and 0.35 ± 0.30 D for IOLMaster ver. 5.4, IOLMaster 700, and Argos, respectively. The ocular biometric measurements using three devices showed high agreement. AXL measured by Argos showed a significant difference compared with the measurements from two IOLMaster. ACD was highly correlated between two SS-OCT devices except IOLMaster ver 5.4. LT and CCT values between IOLMaster 700 and Argos were different significantly. SS-OCT devices demonstrated a superior ability to successfully perform measurements compared with PCI device.

To assess the normal distribution of axial length and its associations in a population of Russia. The population-based Ural Eye and Medical Study included 5,899 (80.5%) individuals out of 7328 eligible individuals aged 40+ years. The participants underwent an ocular and systemic examination. Axial length was measured sonographically (Ultra-compact A/B/P ultrasound system, Quantel Medical, Cournon d'Auvergne, France). Biometric data were available for 5707 (96.7%) individuals with a mean age of 58.8±10.6 years (range:40-94 years; 25%, 50%, 75% quartile: 51.0, 58.0, 66.0 years, respectively). Mean axial length was 23.30±1.10 mm (range: 19.02-32.87mm; 95% confidence interval (CI): 21.36-25.89; 25%, 50%, 75% quartile: 22.65mm, 23.23mm, 23.88mm, resp.). Prevalences of moderate myopia (axial length:24.5-<26.5mm) and high myopia (axial length >26.5mm) were 555/5707 (8.7%;95%CI:9.0,10.5) and 78/5707 (1.4%;95%CI:1.1,1.7), respectively. Longer axial length (mean:23.30±1.10mm) was associated (correlation coefficient r2:0.70) with older age (P<0.001;standardized regression coefficient beta:0.14), taller body height (P<0.001;beta:0.07), higher level of education (P<0.001;beta:0.04), higher intraocular pressure (P<0.001;beta:0.03), more myopic spherical refractive error (P<0.001;beta:-0.55), lower corneal refractive power (P<0.001;beta:-0.44), deeper anterior chamber depth (P<0.001;beta:0.20), wider anterior chamber angle (P<0.001;beta:0.05), thinner peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (P<0.001;beta:-0.04), higher degree of macular fundus tessellation (P<0.001;beta:0.08), lower prevalence of epiretinal membranes (P = 0.01;beta-0.02) and pseudoexfoliation (P = 0.007;beta:-0.02) and higher prevalence of myopic maculopathy (P<0.001;beta:0.08). In that model, prevalence of age-related macular degeneration (any type: P = 0.84; early type: P = 0.46), diabetic retinopathy (P = 0.16), and region of habitation (P = 0.27) were not significantly associated with axial length. Mean axial length in this typically multi-ethnic Russian study population was comparable with values from populations in Singapore and Beijing. In contrast to previous studies, axial length was not significantly related with the prevalences of age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy or region of habitation.

Background Myopia presents a noteworthy global health concern, urging exploration of innovative treatments. The role of intraocular pressure (IOP) in regulating the progression of myopia has been controversial. Methods To investigate the impact of reducing IOP to varying extents on myopia progression, three groups receiving distinct IOP-lowering medications (Brinzolamide, Latanoprost, and a combination of Brinzolamide and Latanoprost) were designed in a form-deprived myopic guinea pig model. Additionally, proteomics analyses were conducted to identify differentially expressed proteins in the sclera. Results Based on 24-h and 4-week IOP monitoring, the group receiving both Brinzolamide and Latanoprost exhibited the greatest magnitude of IOP reduction and the most significant inhibition of axial length (AL) growth. Moreover, the administration of IOP-lowering medications increased choroidal thickness and induced alterations in the structure of scleral collagen fibrils. Notably, scleral proteomics revealed remodeling processes associated with key mechanisms, including proteolysis, fibrinolysis, and metal ion binding. Conclusions Our findings highlight that pressure-dependent scleral remodeling contributes to the deceleration of AL elongation. These results underscore the efficacy of IOP reduction in mitigating the progression of myopia, providing a promising alternative strategy for myopia management.

Background To investigate the factors related to the change in axial length after repeated low-level red-light(RLRL) therapy. Methods A retrospective case study. A total of 323 children and adolescents who underwent RLRL therapy concurrently with their eye examinations at Wuhan Children’s Hospital from 2022 to 2023 were included. The biological eye parameters, including the axial length (AL), spherical equivalent refractive (SER), the subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), intraocular pressure (IOP), corneal curvature and corneal thickness, were recorded at baseline, 3-month, 6-month, 12-month, 12-month, 18-month and 24-month. The factors related to the degree of change in axial length were analyzed. Results There was a statistical difference in the amount of AL changes during the follow-up (F = 16.12, P  < 0.001), and the amount of AL changes was significant at the 6-month follow-up (△AL=-0.16 ± 0.18), and then gradually decreased with the extension of follow-up time. There was a statistically positive correlation between baseline AL and baseline SER and changes in AL ( P  < 0.05). The axial regression in high myopia group was significantly greater than that in mild and moderate myopia group ( P  < 0.05). There was also a statistically positive correlation between age and changes in AL ( P  < 0.05). At the follow-up of 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, combined with other myopia prevention and control was correlated with the change of AL ( P  < 0.05). Baseline corneal thickness, baseline corneal curvature and baseline IOP were not correlated with changes in AL (all P  > 0.05). Conclusion The longer the baseline AL, the higher SER, the thinner SFCT, the older the age and the combination of other myopia prevention and control measures, the more obvious the change of AL. However, the changes of AL were not affected by IOP, corneal curvature and corneal thickness.

We evaluated predictive factors for visual outcomes in patients with idiopathic epiretinal membrane (iERM) after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV). Clinical records for 114 eyes (114 patients, mean age: 70.6 years) with iERM treated by PPV between March 2012 and March 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Overall, the mean postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central retinal thickness measured by optical coherence tomography improved as early as 1 month after surgery, and further improved until 3 months (P < 0.01). Multiple linear regression analyses adjusted for the preoperative BCVA showed that older age (B, 0.010; 95% confidence interval, 0.003 to 0.016; P = 0.003) and a shorter axial length (AL; B, −0.059; 95% confidence interval, −0.099 to −0.019; P = 0.005) predicted worse postoperative BCVA. The Mann-Whitney U test showed that the postoperative BCVA was worse in eyes with AL < 23.6 mm than in eyes with AL ≥ 23.6 mm (P = 0.037), and in patients aged ≥69 years than in patients aged <69 years (P = 0.024). The findings may help in evaluating surgical indications for each patient to obtain satisfactory outcomes, irrespective of the preoperative BCVA.

The uvea comprises the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. However, the development of the anterior part (iris and ciliary body) in children is not yet fully elucidated. We investigated the iris thickness (IT) in children using swept-source anterior-segment optical coherence tomography (ASOCT). In this retrospective, clinic-based study, we enrolled 41 children (mean ± standard deviation: 6.8 ± 3.3 years; range: 3-16; 17 males) with normal or mild refractive error. Horizontal scanning images of swept-source ASOCT were analyzed in temporal and nasal angle areas. The ITs at 1 and 2 mm from the pupil edge were measured using swept-source ASOCT. The association between IT and age, sex, and ocular morphological parameters (i.e., axial length, average corneal curvature, central corneal thickness, inter-scleral spur distance, and anterior chamber depth) was assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) and linear regression analysis. The average IT (temporal and nasal) at 1 and 2 mm were 0.432 ± 0.060 (0.302-0.569 mm) and 0.337 ± 0.045 (0.229-0.414 mm), respectively. There was a significant correlation between age and average IT (r = 0.45, P = 0.002 at 1 mm and r = 0.31, P = 0.042 at 2 mm). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that age (coefficient: 0.01), axial length (-0.02), average corneal curvature (0.01), and anterior chamber depth (0.01) at 1 mm as well as age (0.00), average corneal curvature (0.09), anterior chamber depth (0.06), and male (-0.02) at 2 mm were identified as predictors of IT. IT in children increases with age. Additionally, IT was thinner with longer axial length and in males, thicker in eyes with deeper anterior chamber and flatter corneal curvature. Our study may partly explain the development of eyeball structures in children.

Precise measurement of axial length before cataract surgery is necessary for the proper lens implantation. We included 100 eyes of 56 patients in the study. The mean age was 41 (15–84 years). Measurements of axial length, anterior chamber depth (ACD) carried out with the new Revo NX were compared with those obtained with the IOLMaster 500. Interoperator testing was performed on 56 eyes of 56 participants. To test repeatability, axial length, ACD, central corneal thickness, and lens thickness were used. Inter-operator reproducibility was also assessed. The results were evaluated using Bland–Altman analyses. The mean ACD measured with the IOLMaster and Revo NX was 3.41 and 3.40 mm p  = 0.467, respectively. The interclass correlation was excellent at the level of 0.975. ICC for axial length values was 0.999, and the mean was equal to 23.47 for the new device and 23.48 for IOLMaster. ICC for Inter-operator repeatability was higher than 0.99 in all parameters. Revo NX showed a very high level of repeatability with ICC ranging from 0.9929 for central corneal thickness to 0.9997 for axial length. Both devices showed excellent agreement and differences that are insignificant, which suggests that they can be used interchangeably.

To assess the superficial retinal vessel density (SRVD) and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) in myopic children using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). 174 eyes of 89 subjects with myopia and 101 eyes of 54 age-matched, emmetropic volunteers (control group) were enrolled in this study. The mean age of the subjects and controls was 13.9 (SD ± 2.3) and 13.1 (SD ± 2.4), respectively. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent <- 1.0 diopter. Emmetropic subjects were defined as having spherical equivalent from + 0.5 to - 0.5 diopter. The mean axial length (AL) in myopic patients was 24.58 mm (SD ± 1.22) and 22.88 mm (SD ± 0.65) in the controls. Every patient underwent a complete ophthalmological examination and OCTA, using AngioVue (Optovue). The FAZ area and superficial retinal vessel density, including whole SRVD, fovea SRVD and parafovea SRVD, were analyzed. Foveal thickness (FT) and parafoveal thickness (PFT) were also taken into consideration. Whole SRVD, parafovea SRVD and PFT were significantly higher in controls than in the myopic subjects (p < 0.001, p = 0.007, p < 0.01, respectively). The FAZ area was significantly larger in the myopic group compared to the controls (p = 0.010). Fovea SRVD and FT did not differ significantly between the groups (p = 0.740, p = 0.795 respectively). In overall subjects we found significant correlation between axial length and all the investigative parameters: age, FAZ area, whole SRVD, parafovea SRVD, fovea SRVD, PFT, FT (p < 0.001, p = 0.014, p = 0.008, p < 0.005, p = 0.014, p = 0.010, p = 0.024, respectively). Analyzing only myopic group we confirmed that AL was significantly correlated with age, whole SRVD and parafovea SRVD (p < 0.001, p = 0.014, p = 0.009, respectively). Similarly, in this group the spherical equivalent also correlated with age, whole SRVD and parafovea SRVD (p < 0.001, p = 0.007, p = 0.005, respectively). Such correlations were not confirmed in the non-myopic group. Our results suggest that superficial retinal vessel density is decreased and FAZ area is enlarged in the entire group of the myopic children compared to emmetropic subjects. Longitudinal observation of these young patients is needed to determine the relevance of the microvascular alterations in future.

To compare a biometer using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) with a partial coherence interferometry (PCI)-based biometer in measurements of two ocular biometry parameters, i.e., the axial length and anterior cornea curvature. We compared the two biometers SS-OCT (ANTERION, Heidelberg Engineering Inc., Heidelberg, Germany) and PCI (IOL Master, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany) in terms of the axial length (AL) and corneal curvature (K) measurements of 175 eyes. Paired t-tests were used to compare the two biometers. Agreement between the biometers was evaluated using the Bland-Altman method. The mean age was 36.0 ± 25.6 years (range: 5 to 85 years). The mean axial length was 24.42 ± 0.13 mm for SS-OCT and 24.45 ± 0.14 mm for PCI. The mean corneal curvature was significantly different between the two biometry in flat K (K1) but not in steep K (K2). The limit of agreement was -0.15 to 0.21 in the axial length, -1.18 to 0.83 in K1, and -1.06 to 0.95 in K2. All above ocular biometric measurements between SS-OCT and PCI correlated significantly (Pearson's correlation, p<0.001). The axial length measured using SS-OCT is useful in clinical practice. It shows a good correlation and agreement with that measured using PCI. However, the axial length and corneal curvature measured using SS-OCT cannot be used interchangeably with that measured using PCI in clinical practice.

Background/aimsTo evaluate the axial length (AL) and refractive status in central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC).MethodsThis retrospective observational case series involved 140 patients with CSC (180 eyes) and 78 age-matched and gender-matched control subjects. A detailed ophthalmic examination was performed, including an interferometer measurement of AL. Multimodal imaging comprised colour fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, fundus autofluorescence photography and spectral domain optical coherence tomography.ResultsEighty eyes of 40 patients were categorised into the bilateral-CSC (b-CSC) group and 100 eyes of 100 patients were categorised into the unilateral-CSC (u-CSC) group. AL of the b-CSC (23.19 mm) and u-CSC (23.75 mm) groups was significantly shorter than that of the control (24.85 mm) group (p<0.001 for both). Moreover, AL was significantly shorter in the b-CSC group than in the u-CSC group (p=0.020). Spherical equivalent (SE) in the b-CSC (0.25 D) group was significantly greater than in the u-CSC (−0.81 D) and control (−1.38 D) groups (p<0.001 for both). Gender (male; OR 4.55; 95% CI 1.13 to 18.40; p=0.033), AL (OR 0.38; 95% CI 0.23 to 0.63; p<0.001), area of choroidal vascular hyperpermeability (OR 1.08; 95% CI 1.03 to 1.13; p=0.002) and presence of descending tract (OR 7.22; 95% CI 1.86 to 28.00; p=0.004) were the variables found to be significantly associated with b-CSC via multiple regression analyses.ConclusionAnatomical features, such as shorter AL and greater SE, may be associated with the pathogenesis of CSC.