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"Axles."
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Wheels and axles in action
Introduces wheels and axles, including how they function together to create simple machines and how they are used in everyday objects to make life easier.
Book
Assessment model for multivariable fatigue performance of EA4T axles containing defects
This study employed a combined experimental and theoretical approach to investigate the influence of foreign object damage (FOD) on the fatigue limit of surface-strengthened EA4T axles. FOD was introduced on surface-strengthened axle specimens to generate surface defects, and finite element analysis was subsequently performed to evaluate the stress fields in the damaged regions. Fatigue tests were conducted on prefabricated defective specimens to characterize their fatigue behavior. Based on test results, an improved backward statistical inference method was used to fit the fatigue P-S-N curves for each specimen group and derive corresponding fatigue limits. The fatigue limit of full-size damaged axles was estimated by extrapolating from small-scale test results, with due consideration of geometric scale effects on mechanical performance. Considering the stochastic distribution of impact defect depths, an exponential fitting was performed to establish the quantitative relationship between defect depth and full-size axle fatigue limit. Finally, a multivariate fatigue limit prediction model was developed for surface-strengthened full-size EA4T axles based on the El-Haddad formula framework. This model enables comprehensive assessment of fatigue performance under multi-parameter coupling conditions, providing a robust theoretical basis for safety evaluation and maintenance strategies of high-speed train axles subjected to foreign object impacts.
Journal Article
Multifactorial Analysis of the Axle Load of Truck Sets during the Transport of Sawmill By-Products
The aim of the study was to investigate the actual axle loads of vehicles used for the transport of sawmill by-products, resulting from the total weight of the transport set (GVW) at different times of the year and depending on the type of sets and transported assortment. Sawmill by-product loads were divided into groups: wood chips, sawdust, slabs and recycled wood. The research was carried out at the recipient of the sawmill by-products as well as at the producer. The GVW was determined on the basis of weighing the entire set on a stationary scale at the premises of the companies. The load on the individual axles of high tonnage truck units was measured using Model DINI ARGEO WWSD portable truck scales with a 3590M309 weighing terminal. Almost 230 transports were analyzed. It was shown that the average GVW is 39.25 t for transport sets with a load of 22.44 t of sawmill by-products with the usage of the semi-trailer capacity of 0.85. For all transport sets, the average load on the individual axles range from 6.72 t (axle 5 in a six-axle truck and trailer-TT) to 10.29 t for axle 2 in a truck and semi-trailer (TST), where the highest occurs on axle 2 of the truck (drive axle). The influence of the type of transport set (TST or TT) and the type of the assortments on the axle load is shown, and the existing correlations are at the level of 0.604–0.669 for axles 3–5 in the TST set. The static axle loads of the transport sets for the sawmill by-products and the distribution of the total weight of the set among the axles are different from those for roundwood transport.
Journal Article
Making machines with wheels and axles
\"A hands-on approach introduces young scientists to wheels and axles. Science theory and practical, fun projects teach the physics and the technology behind this simple machine. Important science curriculum is explained through historical and contemporary examples of wheels and axles. Step-by-step projects range from the simple to the more challenging.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Forming Quality Research on the Variable-Diameter Section of the Hollow Axle in Three-Roll Skew Rolling
The hollow axle is the key component of the high-speed train, and the realization of high-quality forming is the key to ensure the safety of train operation. In this paper, the specimen of the variable-diameter section of the hollow axle is taken as the research object, and the generation mechanism of surface spiral mark defects and the formula of spiral mark depth of variable-diameter section in the TRSR (three-roll skew rolling) process with variable roll spacing are explored. The external roundness error and the function C to measure the wall thickness uniformity of the cross-section were taken as the evaluation indexes and the single-factor simulation experiment was established and simulated in the software Simufact.forming16.0 to obtain the influence law of each process parameter on the external roundness error and wall thickness uniformity of the rolled piece. Orthogonal tests were designed and the order and optimal combination of process parameters on the forming quality were obtained by range analysis and ANOVA analysis. The research results provide theoretical guidance for improving the forming quality of the variable-diameter section of the hollow axle in three-roll skew rolling, and promote the transformation of the TRSR process to high performance and accurate forming.
Journal Article
Rolling along : the wheel and axle
\"Rolling Along explores the benefits and uses of the wheel and axle. RobbO and RobbEE build a cart to make it easier to move a heavy load, and learn how the wheel and axle are also used for lifting and turning.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Investigation of Weigh-in-Motion Measurement Accuracy on the Basis of Steering Axle Load Spectra
Weigh-in-motion systems are installed in pavements or on bridges to identify and reduce the number of overloaded vehicles and minimise their adverse effect on road infrastructure. Moreover, the collected traffic data are used to obtain axle load characteristics, which are very useful in road infrastructure design. Practical application of data from weigh-in-motion has become more common recently, which calls for adequate attention to data quality. This issue is addressed in the presented paper. The aim of the article is to investigate the accuracy of 77 operative weigh-in-motion stations by analysing steering axle load spectra. The proposed methodology and analysis enabled the identification of scale and source of errors that occur in measurements delivered from weigh-in-motion systems. For this purpose, selected factors were investigated, including the type of axle load sensor, air temperature and vehicle speed. The results of the analysis indicated the obvious effect of the axle load sensor type on the measurement results. It was noted that systematic error increases during winter, causing underestimation of axle loads by 5% to 10% for quartz piezoelectric and bending beam load sensors, respectively. A deterioration of system accuracy is also visible when vehicle speed decreases to 30 km/h. For 25% to 35% of cases, depending on the type of sensor, random error increases for lower speeds, while it remains at a constant level at higher speeds. The analysis also delivered a standard steering axle load distribution, which can have practical meaning in the improvement of weigh-in-motion accuracy and traffic data quality.
Journal Article
Light-powered autonomous and directional molecular motion of a dissipative self-assembling system
Biomolecular motors convert energy into directed motion and operate away from thermal equilibrium. The development of dynamic chemical systems that exploit dissipative (non-equilibrium) processes is a challenge in supramolecular chemistry and a premise for the realization of artificial nanoscale motors. Here, we report the relative unidirectional transit of a non-symmetric molecular axle through a macrocycle powered solely by light. The molecular machine rectifies Brownian fluctuations by energy and information ratchet mechanisms and can repeat its working cycle under photostationary conditions. The system epitomizes the conceptual and practical elements forming the basis of autonomous light-powered directed motion with a minimalist molecular design.
Under continuous illumination, a non-symmetric axle-type molecule transits through a macrocycle only in one direction via a ratchet mechanism that rectifies Brownian motion.
Journal Article