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While the impact of solar radiation on azoxystrobin degradation is known, the influence of temperature fluctuations on this process remains poorly understood. This study investigates the factors influencing azoxystrobin dissipation in soil, with a particular focus on the impact of solar radiation and temperature variations on photodegradation kinetics. Our objective was to assess, for the first time, the influence of temperature fluctuations on azoxystrobin photodegradation kinetics in loam soil. High-performance liquid chromatography was utilized to analyze dissipation rates under sunlight and dark conditions, with a quantitation limit of 0.05 mg/kg. Sampling intervals of 0, 1, 7, 15, 21, and 28 days were employed during incubation. Azoxystrobin dissipation rates were determined using first-order kinetic modeling. Results indicate a significantly accelerated dissipation rate under sunlight conditions (0.2018/day, t ½ = 3.4 days) compared to darkness (0.0912/day, t ½ = 7.6 days), highlighting the substantial impact of photodegradation and temperature fluctuations. These findings provide novel insights into azoxystrobin behavior in agricultural soils, enabling more accurate risk assessments and the development of targeted mitigation strategies to protect ecosystems from pesticide contamination. Graphical abstract

In Germany, the decline of insect biomass was observed in nature conservation areas in agricultural landscapes. One of the main causal factors discussed is the use of synthetic pesticides in conventional agriculture. In a Germany-wide field study, we collected flying insects using Malaise traps in nature conservation areas adjacent to agricultural land. We used a multi-component chemical trace element analysis to detect 92 common agricultural pesticides in ethanol from insect traps sampled in May and August 2020. In total, residues of 47 current use pesticides were detected, and insect samples were on average contaminated with 16.7 pesticides. Residues of the herbicides metolachlor-S, prosulfocarb and terbuthylazine, and the fungicides azoxystrobin and fluopyram were recorded at all sites. The neonicotinoid thiacloprid was detected in 16 of 21 nature conservation areas, most likely due to final use before an EU-wide ban. A change in residue mixture composition was noticeable due to higher herbicide use in spring and increasing fungicide applications in summer. The number of substances of recorded residues is related to the proportion of agricultural production area in a radius of 2000 m. Therefore, a drastic pesticide reduction in large buffers around nature conservation areas is necessary to avoid contamination of their insect fauna.

This study was conducted to investigate the pesticide residue concentrations and assess potential human health risks from fruit and vegetable consumption in Incheon. A total of 1,146 samples of 20 different types of fruits and vegetables were collected from the Incheon area in 2020. The pesticide residues were analyzed by the multi-residue method of the Korean Food Code for 400 different pesticides. Among the fruit and vegetable samples, 1,055 samples (92.1%) were free from detectable residues, while 91 samples (7.9%) contained residues and 11 samples (1.0%) had residues exceeding the Korean maximum residue limit. A total of 32 different pesticide residues were found and 8 residues exceeded MRLs. The most frequently detected pesticide residues were chlorfenapyr, procymidone, etofenprox, pendimethalin, fluopyram and azoxystrobin. The highest values of short term and long term exposure were obtained in the case of consumption of lettuce(leaves) with chlorfenpyr. For chronic dietary exposure, the cumulative hazard index (cHI) were below 100%. The results of this study showed that the detected pesticides were not exposed to potential health risks through the consumption of fruits and vegetables.

Azoxystrobin (AZ) is an aryloxy pyrimidine fungicide extensively applied in the agriculture field all over the world. There is a little information about the ecotoxicity of AZ fungicide on the freshwater snail Lymnaea luteola ( L. luteola ). The present study investigated the toxic effect of AZ fungicide on L. luteola by using various measures. We determined the mean LC 50 value―96 h of AZ fungicide (0.79 mg/L) for L. luteola , in a static system. Based on this value, three sublethal concentrations, viz., I (0.079 mg/L), II (~ 0.40 mg/L), and III (~ 0.53 mg/L), were determined. The snails were exposed to these three concentrations of AZ fungicide for 96 h, and hemolymph and digestive glands were collected after 24 and 96 h for assessment of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and histological and genotoxic changes. The induction of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis in hemocyte cells was increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner. It was observed that lipid peroxide (LPO) and glutathione S transferase (GST) were increased, and glutathione and superoxide dismutase decreased in digestive glands. A similar trend was observed for the DNA damage as measured in terms of the percentage of tail DNA and olive tail moment in digestive gland cells. This study showed the collective use of oxidative stress, histological, and genotoxicity parameters in in vivo laboratory studies using snails that are useful for screening the toxic potential of environmental contaminants such as AZ fungicide. Graphical abstract

IntroductionSuccinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs) and strobilurins are two groups of fungicides introduced in the 1990s and 2000s to the agricultural market, including overall around 24 molecules. A deficiency in the subunit of a SDHI-blocked enzyme has been observed in cases of K idney Cancer (KC). We aimed at assessing the incidence of KC in individuals exposed to these fungicides within the AGRICAN cohort (N=181 842 participants).Material and MethodsIncident KCs were identified from enrolment (2005-2007) to December 2017. Pesticide exposures of interest were identified by cross-referencing the PESTIMAT tables with the AGRICAN enrollment questionnaire (exact years of start and end of pesticide use (in the field or on seeds) on 10 different crops). Cox models with age as a time scale were used.ResultsFive SDHIs and 3 strobilurins had been used, on crops (vineyard, potato, fruit, corn, peas and wheat/barley), for at least 5 years prior to enrolment, with respectively 114 and 89 exposed KC in males. Analyzing the specific use of SDHIs and strobilurins on crops, we reported positive associations: (i) for SDHIs: Fenfuram (HR 1.50 (1.04-2.16)), Oxycarboxin (HR 1.49 (1.10-2.00)) and Carboxin (HR 1.44 (1.06-1.96)). (ii) for strobilurins: Famoxadone (HR 3.5 (2.4-5.06)), Azoxystrobin (HR 3.20 (2.30-4.50)) and Kresoxim-Methyl (HR 2.6 (1.89-3.48)). Duration effect was positive for Fenfuram and Mepronil and all 3 strobilurins.ConclusionWe observed positive associations between KCs and some SDHIs and strobilurin use in male farmers. We had too few females directly exposed to these fungicides. Next steps should include a cluster analysis and score considering the frequency, intensity and probability of using the pesticides under study.

This study was investigated the effect of iron NPs and essential oils of clove in normal and nanoemulsion forms for controlling Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, and Alternaria solani compared with Azoxystrobin fungicide under laboratory conditions. Data revealed that all tested compounds are capable of inhibiting the growth of mycelial of F. oxysporum F. solani, and A. solani from 0 to 84.4%, 0 to 88.9 %, and 0 to 61.1 %, respectively. There is relationship was found between the tested concentration of all treatments and their percentages of inhibition of mycelium. In addition, the use of Azoxystrobin, iron NPs and essential oils of clove in normal and nanoemulsion increased the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO). The fungal hyphae morphology was investigated by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The fungi hyphae without treatments are regular branching, linearly and normal morphology shaped, the surface of the hyphae is smooth and apical tapered. Treatments caused loss of linearity, irregular branching of the terminal hyphae, deformations of the hyphal shape, and the lysis cytoplasm of the hyphal.

In this study, the fungicidal activities of the fungicides azoxystrobin, difenoconazole + propiconazole, carbendazim, flutriafol, fluopyram + tebuconazole, mancozeb and thiophanate-methyl against rice blast and dirty panicle pathogens were evaluated under laboratory and field conditions. Mancozeb exhibited the highest level of fungicidal activity against the blast pathogen Pyricularia oryzae , with an EC 50 value of 0.25 parts per million (ppm). The combination of two fungicides, fluopyram + tebuconazole, showed the strongest fungicidal effect against Bipolaris oryzae and Curvularia lunata , with EC 50 values of 0.587 ppm and 0.435 ppm , respectively. Meanwhile, carbendazim and flutriafol demonstrated the best level of fungicidal activity against Fusarium incarnatum , with the lowest EC 50 values of 0.211 ppm and 0.214 ppm , respectively. The results showed that the fungicides, triazole and strobilurin, had significant effects against rice blast and dirty panicle diseases. The combination of fluopyram + tebuconazole, when applied twice, was the most effective in reducing dirty panicle disease by up to 60% and increasing rice yield by 29% more than the untreated control. Fluopyram + tebuconazole, difenoconazole + propiconazole, flutriafol and azoxystrobin achieved stronger fungicidal activity against rice blast disease, reducing its severity by 32–33% when applied twice by foliar spraying. However, carbendazim, mancozeb and thiophanate-methyl had low to moderate fungicidal activity against both rice diseases in this study.

There is growing evidence that pesticides may be among the causes of worldwide bee declines, which has resulted in repeated calls for their increased scrutiny in regulatory assessments. One recurring concern is that the current frameworks may be biased towards assessing risks to the honey bee. This paradigm requires extrapolating toxicity information across bee species. Most research effort has therefore focused on quantifying differences in sensitivity across species. However, our understanding of how responses to pesticides may vary within a species is still very poor. Here we take the first steps towards filling this knowledge gap by comparing acute, lethal hazards in sexes and castes of the eusocial bee Bombus terrestris and in sexes of the solitary bee Osmia bicornis after oral and contact exposure to the pesticides sulfoxaflor, Amistar (azoxystrobin) and glyphosate. We show that sensitivity towards pesticides varies significantly both within and across species. Bee weight was a meaningful predictor of pesticide susceptibility. However, weight could not fully explain the observed differences, which suggests the existence of unexplored mechanisms regulating pesticide sensitivity across bee sexes and castes. Our data show that intra-specific responses are an overlooked yet important aspect of the risk assessment of pesticides in bees.

Azoxystrobin (AZ) is a broad-spectrum strobilurin fungicide that is used in agriculture and was recently added to mold- and mildew-resistant wallboards. AZ was found to have toxic effects in animals at embryonic stages and was listed as a frontline target for biomonitoring in children. This study investigated exposure to AZ in pregnant women and young children, whether AZ could be transferred from an exposed mother to offspring, and whether AZ or one of its primary metabolites, AZ-acid, was neurotoxic . We quantified AZ-acid, a sensitive indicator of AZ exposure, in urine samples collected from 8 pregnant women (12 urine samples) and 67 children (40-84 months old; 96 urine samples) with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Gestational and lactational transfer was assessed in C57Bl/6 mice. Neurotoxicity of AZ and AZ-acid was investigated with mouse cortical neuron cultures. AZ-acid was present above the limit of quantification ( ) in 100% of the urine samples from pregnant women and in 70% of the urine samples from children, with median concentration of 0.10 and , and maximal concentration of 2.70 and , respectively. Studies in mice revealed that AZ transferred from the mother to offspring during gestation by crossing the placenta and entered the developing brain. AZ was also transferred to offspring via lactation. High levels of cytotoxicity were observed in embryonic mouse cortical neurons at concentrations that modeled environmentally relevant exposures. Our study suggested that pregnant women and children were exposed to AZ, and at least 10% of the children (2 out of 20 that were evaluated at two ages) showed evidence of chronic exposure. Future studies are warranted to evaluate whether chronic AZ exposure affects human health and development. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9808.