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الأطفال لهم حاجات عديدة ومتنوعة، من هذه الحاجات الحاجة إلى اللعب، حيث يحتاج الطفل إلى أن يلعب لفترات طويلة من حياته اليومية سواء كان لعب فردي أو جماعي، بحكم أن أصل مرحلة الطفولة وخاصة قبل دخول المدرسة هي اللعب. والبحث الحالي بعنوان \"الحاجة إلى اللعب لدى الأطفال\"، كما هو واضح من عنوانه يهدف إلى إلقاء الضوء على مفهوم اللعب وخصائصه وأهميته وأنواعه، وأنواع الألعاب، ومواصفات اللعبة الممتازة أو النموذجية. أيضا تم توضيح الألعاب المناسبة للطفل ذو الإعاقة. وفي نهاية البحث تم تحديد دور الأسرة في دعم اللعب لدى الأطفال، ودور كل من الأخصائي الاجتماعي وأخصائي التربية النوعية في موضوع اللعب والألعاب للأطفال.

\"Most Beanie Babies are not worth much money. A new one at the store might be priced as low as US$5, depending on its size. If you buy a new Floppity the rabbit or Hissy the snake today and try to resell it tomorrow, you will likely lose money. That’s because Beanie Babies are made in large enough quantities that anyone who wants one can get one. Still, every so often, a Beanie Baby resells for a lot of money.\" (The Conversation U.S.) Read more about how Beanie Babies' worth depends on rarity and demand.

Experts are predicting that the Beanie Baby craze is coming to end. For a year, inflated prices turned the plush toys into sought-after collectibles. Learn what may be the fate of Beanie Babies.

Two experiments examined infants' expectations about how an experimenter should distribute resources and rewards to other individuals. In Experiment 1, 19-month-olds expected an experimenter to divide two items equally, as opposed to unequally, between two individuals. The infants held no particular expectation when the individuals were replaced with inanimate objects, or when the experimenter simply removed covers in front of the individuals to reveal the items (instead of distributing them). In Experiment 2, 21-month-olds expected an experimenter to give a reward to each of two individuals when both had worked to complete an assigned chore, but not when one of the individuals had done all the work while the other played. The infants held this expectation only when the experimenter could determine through visual inspection who had worked and who had not. Together, these results provide converging evidence that infants in the 2nd year of life already possess context-sensitive expectations relevant to fairness.

The coordination of visual attention among social partners is central to many components of human behavior and human development. Previous research has focused on one pathway to the coordination of looking behavior by social partners, gaze following. The extant evidence shows that even very young infants follow the direction of another's gaze but they do so only in highly constrained spatial contexts because gaze direction is not a spatially precise cue as to the visual target and not easily used in spatially complex social interactions. Our findings, derived from the moment-to-moment tracking of eye gaze of one-year-olds and their parents as they actively played with toys, provide evidence for an alternative pathway, through the coordination of hands and eyes in goal-directed action. In goal-directed actions, the hands and eyes of the actor are tightly coordinated both temporally and spatially, and thus, in contexts including manual engagement with objects, hand movements and eye movements provide redundant information about where the eyes are looking. Our findings show that one-year-olds rarely look to the parent's face and eyes in these contexts but rather infants and parents coordinate looking behavior without gaze following by attending to objects held by the self or the social partner. This pathway, through eye-hand coupling, leads to coordinated joint switches in visual attention and to an overall high rate of looking at the same object at the same time, and may be the dominant pathway through which physically active toddlers align their looking behavior with a social partner.

Cortical areas in the ventral visual pathway become selectively tuned towards the processing of faces compared to non-face stimuli beginning around 3 months of age and continuing over the first year. Studies using event-related potentials in the EEG (ERPs) have found an ERP component, the N290, that displays specificity for human faces. Other components, such as the P1, P400, and Nc have been studied to a lesser degree in their responsiveness to human faces. However, little is known about the systematic changes in the neural responses to faces during the first year of life, and the localization of these responses in infants’ brain. We examined ERP responses to pictures of faces and objects in infants from 4.5 months through 12 months in a cross-sectional study. We investigated the activity of all the components reported to be involved in infant face processing, with particular interest to their amplitude variation and cortical localization. We identified neural regions responsible for the component through the application of cortical source localization methods. We found larger P1 and N290 responses to faces than objects, and these components were localized in the lingual and middle/posterior fusiform gyri, respectively. The amplitude of the P400 was not differentially sensitive to faces over objects. The Nc component was different for faces and objects, was influenced by the infant’s attentional state, and localized in medial-anterior brain areas. The implications of these results are discussed in the identification of developmental ERP precursors to face processing. [Display omitted] •Face-sensitive N290 responses are localized in the middle and posterior fusiform gyri.•The amplitude of the P400 component is not sensitive to faces.•The Nc sensitivity to faces is modulated by infant’s attentional state.•Posterior generators reflect the activity of the P1, while the Nc sources are localized in more anterior areas.

The first years of an infant’s life represent a sensitive period for neurodevelopment where one can see the emergence of nascent forms of executive function (EF), which are required to support complex cognition. Few tests exist for measuring EF during infancy, and the available tests require painstaking manual coding of infant behaviour. In modern clinical and research practice, human coders collect data on EF performance by manually labelling video recordings of infant behaviour during toy or social interaction. Besides being extremely time-consuming, video annotation is known to be rater-dependent and subjective. To address these issues, starting from existing cognitive flexibility research protocols, we developed a set of instrumented toys to serve as a new type of task instrumentation and data collection tool suitable for infant use. A commercially available device comprising a barometer and an inertial measurement unit (IMU) embedded in a 3D-printed lattice structure was used to detect when and how the infant interacts with the toy. The data collected using the instrumented toys provided a rich dataset that described the sequence of toy interaction and individual toy interaction patterns, from which EF-relevant aspects of infant cognition can be inferred. Such a tool could provide an objective, reliable, and scalable method of collecting early developmental data in socially interactive contexts.