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The article is focused on the issue of blackouts in a water industry and the selection of a renewable energy source for a water treatment plant. In the case of power outage, it is necessary to constantly ensure the supply of a drinking water, if this requirement would not be met, it could cause of deterioration of hygiene and health of the population. To be able to convey drinking water during a blackout, it is mandatory to have a backup power supply. The state of the current water treatment plants in the Czech Republic is that they are using diesel generators as backup power supply, which causes air pollution. There are other options of power supply that can be used, such as renewable energy sources. By using a multi-criteria analysis method, renewable energy sources were analyzed for a water treatment plant in the selected region. Based on the results, it seems that the most suitable choice is a small hydro power plant at the entry points of water treatment plant. Other possibilities of renewable energy sources that may be suitable for a water treatment plant and the usage of a multi-criteria analysis method for a water treatment plant in other countries are also discussed.

The developed method, which consists in determining the installed power of distributed generation, in particular, a wind power plant, a solar power plant, a standby power plant and the technical parameters of an energy storage system, to ensure the security of the supply of electric energy to local consumers, is given. Achieving a balance between the daily amount of electricity produced by distributed generation and the amount of consumption ensures the determination of excess amounts of electricity, which mainly occur during periods of peak solar radiation and, accordingly, the required capacity of an energy storage system. According to the simulation results, it was determined that with the maximum daily consumption of electricity by local consumers during the year at the level of 96 MWh, the daily balance of electricity is achieved at the installed capacity of the wind power plant at the level of 3.6 MW; solar power plant is 14 MW; standby power plant is 3.7 MW and the nominal power of an four-hour energy storage system is 16 MW. References 3, figures 2, table 1.

Flywheel is a promising energy storage system for domestic application, uninterruptible power supply, traction applications, electric vehicle charging stations, and even for smart grids. In fact, recent developments in materials, electrical machines, power electronics, magnetic bearings, and microprocessors offer the possibility to consider flywheels as a competitive option for electric energy storage, which can be of great interest for domestic applications in the near future. In this paper, a grid-tied flywheel-based energy storage system (FESS) for domestic application is investigated with special focus on the associated power electronics control and energy management. In particular, the overall PMSM-based flywheel configuration is reviewed and a controlling strategy was experimentally implemented using DS1104 controller board from dSPACE. Two case studies were considered for power peak shaving and power backup at domestic level. A lab-scale prototype was built to validate the proposal. The achieved results are presented and discussed to demonstrate the possibilities offered by such an energy storage system for domestic application.

In the context of growing concerns about power disruptions, grid reliability and the need for decarbonization, this study evaluates a broad range of clean backup power systems (BPSs) to replace traditional emergency diesel generators. A scenario-based stochastic optimization framework using actual load profiles and outage probabilities is proposed to assess the most promising options from a pool of 27 technologies. This framework allows a comparison of the cost effectiveness and environmental impact of individual technologies and hybrid BPSs across various scenarios. The results highlight the trade-off between total annual system cost and emissions. Significant emission reductions can be achieved at moderate cost increases but deep decarbonization levels incur higher costs. Primary and secondary batteries are included in optimal clean fuel-based systems across all decarbonization levels, combining cost-effective power delivery and long-term storage benefits. The findings highlight the often-overlooked importance of fuel replacement on both emissions and costs. Among the assessed technologies, ammonia generators and hydrogen fuel cells combined with secondary iron–air batteries emerge as cost-effective solutions for achieving decarbonization goals. To ensure a broad range of applicability, the study outlines the impact of emergency fuel purchases, varying demand patterns and demand response options on the optimal BPS. The research findings are valuable for optimizing the design of clean BPSs to economically meet the needs of many facility types and decarbonization targets.

Hydrogen fuel cells are characterized by non-pollution, high efficiency and long power supply time, and they are increasingly used as backup power systems in substations, communication base stations and other fields. In this paper, based on the thermodynamic model of the hydride hydrogen storage system, the relationship between pressure, composition, and temperature in metal hydride hydrogen storage is quantitatively analyzed using a PCT curve. The hydrogen fuel power supply is used as the overall backup power supply of the DC system, and the hydrogen-fuel integrated backup power supply is established to realize the uninterrupted switching between the utility power and the backup power supply. Finally, the working process of the backup power supply and the reaction process of hydrogen are analyzed to test the feasibility of a hydrogen fuel cell backup power supply. The results show that the operating current climbs to the end of 80 A under the 5 kW workload demand of the communication equipment. In addition, the hydrogen absorption reaction rate was 0.29 Mpa, and the hydrogen release reaction rate was 0.21 Mpa at a temperature of 291 K. This study has developed a fuel cell backup power system that can provide uninterruptible backup power and has a wide market capacity and application prospects.

Recently, integrated energy systems have become a new type of energy supply model. It is clear that integrated energy systems can improve energy efficiency and reduce costs. However, the use of a battery energy storage system (BESS) as a backup power source will affect the operating costs of a regional integrated energy system (RIES) in different situations. In this paper, a regional integrated energy system including wind turbines, photovoltaics, gas turbines and battery energy storage was introduced. In order to obtain the minimum operation cost, an operation optimization model was built. The schedule plans of each unit were optimized by a moth flame optimization (MFO) algorithm. Finally, three different scenarios were proposed for the simulation optimization. The simulation optimization results show that when the BESS is used as a backup power source, the operating cost of the system and the resulting pollutant emissions are less than the diesel generator (DG) set. Therefore, it is worthwhile to use BESS instead of DG as the backup power source in RIES.

This paper evaluates the reliability of smart home energy management systems (SHEMSs) in a residential community with an unreliable power grid and power shortages. Unlike the previous works, which mainly focused on cost analysis, this research assesses the reliability of SHEMSs for different backup power sources, including photovoltaic systems (PVs), battery storage systems (BSSs), electric vehicles (EVs), and diesel generators (DGs). The impact of these changes on the daily cost and the balance of energy source contribution in providing electrical energy to household loads, particularly during power outage hours, is also evaluated. To address the uncertainty of electricity market prices, a risk management approach based on conditional value at risk is applied. Additionally, the study highlights the impact of community size on energy costs and reliability. The proposed model is formulated as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming problem and is solved using GAMS. The effectiveness of the proposed risk-based optimization approach is demonstrated through comprehensive cost and reliability analysis. The results reveal that when electric vehicles are used as backup power sources, the energy index of reliability (EIR) is not affected by market price variations and shows significant improvement, reaching approximately 99.9% across all scenarios.

In view of the European Union’s strategy on hydrogen for decarbonization and buildings’ decarbonization targets, the use of hydrogen in buildings is expected in the future. Backup power in buildings is usually provided with diesel generators (DGs). In this study, the use of a hydrogen fuel cell (HFC) power supply backup system is studied. Its operation is compared to a DG and a techno-economic analysis of the latter’s replacement with an HFC is conducted by calculating relevant key performance indicators (KPIs). The developed approach is presented in a case study on a school building in Greece. Based on the school’s electricity loads, which are calculated with a dynamic energy simulation and power shortages scenarios, the backup system’s characteristics are defined, and the relevant KPIs are calculated. It was found that the HFC system can reduce the annual CO2 emissions by up to 400 kg and has a lower annual operation cost than a DG. However, due to its high investment cost, its levelized cost of electricity is higher, and the replacement of an existing DG is unviable in the current market situation. The techno-economic study reveals that subsidies of around 58–89% are required to foster the deployment of HFC backup systems in buildings.

The use of electric vehicles (EVs) to provide different grid services is becoming possible due to the increased penetration levels, mileage efficiencies, and useable battery sizes of EVs. One such application is providing reliability-as-a-service (RaaS) during short-term power outages. Instead of using a dedicated backup power source, EVs can be contracted to provide RaaS, which is an environmentally friendly solution with benefits for both building owners and EV owners. However, the presence of EVs at a particular location during different hours of the day and the availability of energy from EVs is uncertain. Therefore, in this study, a suitability analysis is performed concerning the use of EVs to provide RaaS for different types of buildings. First, the National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) survey data are used to estimate driver behavior, such as arrival/departure times, daily mileage, and traveling duration. Then, the usable battery size and mileage efficiency of EVs is extracted from the database of commercially available EVs. Based on these parameters, the daily energy consumption and available energy of EVs to provide RaaS are estimated. A suitability analysis is conducted for residential, commercial/industrial, and mixed buildings for both weekdays and holidays. The participation ratio of EV owners is varied between 10 and 90%, and nine cases are simulated for commercial/industrial buildings and multi-unit residential buildings. Similarly, the ratio of home-based EVs is varied between 5 and 50%, and 10 cases are tested for mixed buildings. The analysis shows that mixed buildings are the most suitable, while commercial/industrial buildings are the least suitable for using EVs to provide RaaS. To this end, an index is proposed to analyze and determine the desired ratio of EVs to be contracted from homes and workplaces for mixed buildings. Finally, the impact of EV fleet size on the available energy for RaaS is also analyzed.

Global demand for data and data access has spurred the rapid growth of the data center industry. To meet demands, data centers must provide uninterrupted service even during the loss of primary power. Service providers seeking ways to eliminate their carbon footprint are increasingly looking to clean and sustainable energy solutions, such as hydrogen technologies, as alternatives to traditional backup generators. In this viewpoint, a survey of the current state of data centers and hydrogen-based technologies is provided along with a discussion of the hydrogen storage and infrastructure requirements needed for large-scale backup power applications at data centers.