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"BANK ACCOUNTS"
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My first trip to the bank
Beginning readers discover the answer to how money goes from a piggy bank to a bank vault.
Book
What’s Behind the Bank Account? : Questions about Distinguishing Account Types
The essay presents a classification of the types of accounts maintained by financial entities and their different legal definitions. The colloquial term “bank account” can in fact encompass a variety of account types, including payment, deposit, client or electronic money accounts, each of which is subject to distinct regulatory rationales and operating principles. The classification of accounts also determines the prudential measures applicable, the necessary authorisations, the requirements for IT systems and the responsibilities of service providers. The essay delineates the evolution of EU financial regulation, emphasising the significance of the Lamfalussy framework and the role of EU regulations in the development of the prevailing financial institutional system. Accurate accruals are of particular importance for financial sector actors. The type of account has a fundamental impact on the feasibility of the business model and regulatory compliance.
Journal Article
Managing bank accounts and investments
\"This approachable guide goes through banking basics like opening an account, compounding interest, making deposits, using debit and credit cards, and how to budget. Readers also learn about planning for retirement, analyzing stocks, and a variety of investment types.\"-- Publisher's description.
Book
Married and cohabiting women's financial empowerment: A study on women's bank account ownership in Spain
Objective The goal was to examine the conditions under which young adult women (aged 25–50) in heterosexual couples maintain their economic independence through a personal bank account. Background Research has shown that in Spain, the pooling of economic resources is seen as an important aspect of being a couple and as a symbol of togetherness. However, in practice, joint management can be characterized by inequalities on several levels, such as access to money, control over money, and personal spending. Few studies have focused on household financial organization in Spain, and studies of women's financial autonomy are lacking. Method We conducted a cross‐sectional analysis of couples aged 25–50 in Spain (N = 1,281) using data from the 2020 National Survey on Family Life. Results The findings reveal that women are significantly less likely to have a personal bank account if either partner does not endorse values of economic autonomy, the couple is married with children, or, if the male partner earns significantly more. Conclusion The results suggest that there is still a long way to go for Spain to reach the levels of women's account ownership seen in countries such as those in Northern Europe. It is important to incorporate women's account ownership into the investigation of financial organization, given its substantial implications for women within couples and those navigating relationship dissolution. Implications Government programs should promote women's account ownership. Also, policies targeting financial literacy can incorporate dimensions such as basic budgeting, saving, and debt management so that women can gain further financial skills.
Journal Article
Cash transfer scheme for people with tuberculosis treated by the National TB Programme in Western India: a mixed methods study
ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess the coverage and explore enablers and challenges in implementation of direct benefit transfer (DBT) cash incentive scheme for patients with tuberculosis (TB).DesignThis is a mixed methods study comprising a quantitative cohort and descriptive qualitative study.SettingThe study was conducted in City TB Centre, Vadodara, Western India.ParticipantsWe used routinely collected data under the National TB Programme (NTP) on patients with TB notified between April and September 2018 and initiated on first-line anti-tuberculosis treatment (ATT) to assess the coverage of DBT. We interviewed NTP staff and patients to understand their perceptions.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe study outcomes are receipt of DBT (primary), time to receipt of first instalment of DBT and treatment outcome.ResultsAmong 1826 patients, 771 (42.2%) had received at least one instalment. Significantly more patients from the public sector had received DBT (at least one instalment) compared with those from private sector (adjusted relative risk (adjRR)=16.3; 95% CI 11.6 to 23.0). Among public sector patients, 7.3% (49/671) had received first instalment within 2 months of treatment initiation. Median (IQR) time to receipt of first instalment was 5.2 (3.4, 7.4) months. Treatment in private sector, residing outside city limits and being HIV non-reactive were significantly (p<0.001) associated with longer time to receipt. Timely and sufficient fund release, adequate manpower and adequate logistics in TB centre were the enablers. Inability of patients to open bank accounts due to lack of identity/residence proof, their reluctance to share personal information and inadequate support from private providers were the challenges identified in implementation.ConclusionDuring the early phase of DBT implementation, the coverage was low and there were delays in benefit transfer. Facilitating opening of bank accounts for patients by NTP staff and better support from private providers may improve DBT coverage. Repeat assessment of DBT coverage after streamlining of implementation is recommended.
Journal Article
The Financialisation of the Citizen
This book discusses the role of private law as an instrument to produce financial and social inclusion in a context characterised by the redefinition of the role of the State and by the financialisation of society. By depicting the political and economic developments behind the popular idea of financial inclusion, the book deconstructs that notion, illustrating the existence and interaction of different discourses surrounding it. The book further traces the evolution of inclusion, specifically in the European context, and thus moves on to analyse the legal rules which are most relevant for the purposes of bringing about the financialisation of the citizen. Hence, the author focuses more on four highly topical areas: access to a bank account, access to credit, overindebtedness, and financial education. Adopting a critical and inter-disciplinary approach, The Financialisation of the Citizen takes the reader through a top-down journey starting from the political economy of financialisation, to the law and policy of the European Union, and finally to more specific private law rules. Hart Studies in Commercial and Financial Law: Volume 1
eBook
Objective over Architecture: Fraud Detection Under Extreme Imbalance in Bank Account Opening
Fraud in financial services—especially account opening fraud—poses major operational and reputational risks. Static rules struggle to adapt to evolving tactics, missing novel patterns and generating excessive false positives. Machine learning promises adaptive detection, but deployment faces severe class imbalance: in the NeurIPS 2022 BAF Base benchmark used here, fraud prevalence is 1.10%. Standard metrics (accuracy, f1_weighted) can look strong while doing little for the minority class. We compare Logistic Regression, SVM (RBF), Random Forest, LightGBM, and a GRU model on N = 1,000,000 accounts under a unified preprocessing pipeline. All models are trained to minimize their loss function, while configurations are selected on a stratified development set using validation-weighted F1-score f1_weighted. For the four classical models, class weighting in the loss (class_weight ∈{None,‘balanced’}) is treated as a hyperparameter and tuned. Similarly, the GRU is trained with a fixed class-weighted CrossEntropy loss that up-weights fraud cases. This ensures that both model families leverage weighted training objectives, while their final hyperparameters are consistently selected by the f1_weighted metric. Despite similar AUCs and aligned feature importance across families, the classical models converge to high-precision, low-recall solutions (1–6% fraud recall), whereas the GRU recovers 78% recall at 5% precision (AUC =0.8800). Under extreme imbalance, objective choice and operating point matter at least as much as architecture.
Journal Article
PROCEDURAL PARTICIPATION OF BANKS IN COVERT INVESTIGATIVE (SEARCH) ACTION «BANK ACCOUNTS MONITORING»
The concept of financial monitoring as a set of measures carried out by the entities of primary and state financial monitoring in the field of prevention and counteraction to separatist funding (article 110-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), legalization (laundering) of criminally obtained property (article 209 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), and terrorism funding (article 258-5 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) is developed and proved. The relationship between the categories of «terrorism» and «finance» is determined in the following areas: money paid to terrorists for refusing to commit violence acts; covert funding of terrorist organizations by certain states, non-governmental organizations, and criminal groups; «money laundering» and its introduction into legal circulation; creation of own groups in commercial, credit and financial institutions by terrorist organizations; ‘launderingof money’ obtained as a result of criminal activity. The risks in the system of prevention of terrorism and counteraction to legalization of criminally obtained proceedsare outlined. They were defined as the following: non-transparent funding of political parties; the share of cash resources addressed to the mentioned criminal activity; «outflow» of capital; absence of a clearly defined sectoral risk assessment of the entities of primary financial monitoring in the field of prevention and counteraction to legalization (laundering) of criminally obtained proceeds. It is offered to include the risk of terrorism and separatism funding through deposit-taking corporations tobanking risks. An attempt has been made to accumulate the majority of the latest achievements (as legislative, theoretical and research aswell as applied ones) on the issues of legal regulation of the studied procedural, financial and legal relations, on the basis of which scientific views are proved and proposals for improving regulations in this area are worked out. Keywords: monitoring, banks, covert investigative actions, bank accounts monitoring, terrorism funding, banking risks, financial and legal relations. JEL Classification E42, E52, G28, K13, K14 Formulas: 0; fig.: 1; tabl.: 0; bibl.: 16.
Journal Article
Measures of obligation
Principled capitalism has been proposed as a replacement for liberal capitalism. Moral principles should be driving our individual and collective decisions rather than utility and profit. A new unit called an oblig is suggested as a measure of the amount of the substance of the \"stuff\" that moves around in a social field of obligation forces. The notion of dynamic equilibrium is amplified and obligs are compared with the utils of utility theory and qualitative deposits in \"emotional bank accounts\". It is concluded that the methods of utility theory are not appropriate for principled capitalism. A new unit of obligatory force is defined as a carson after the ecologist Rachel Carson. It is that force required to change the rate of change of a measured item within an obligation. The mathematics of obligs is developed and illustrated with four examples, two concerning individual relationships and two as applied to company and national government accounts.
Journal Article
Pensioners, Orphans, and Widows versus Banks: Palestinian Financial History
This essay attempts to rectify the silence about the willful expropriation, by British and Israeli forces, of private Palestinian financial assets. Placing at its core the stories of ordinary Palestinians, it explores how they were robbed of their bank accounts, bonds, stocks, pensions, salaries, and safety deposit boxes during the creation and termination of the Palestine Mandate (in both 1917 and 1948). The essay argues that the basic financial structure of colonization, which deprives the colonized of the protection of sovereign banking institutions, facilitated these thefts. It also argues that the supposedly neutral rules of finance acted as a fig leaf to such dispossessions. Based on archival research and oral histories, it presents a new social history of finance that centers the experiences and subjectivities of non-elite Palestinians who strove to defend themselves and assert their rights, individually and collectively, during pivotal moments of violent upheaval and rupture.
Journal Article