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In episodes of significant banking distress or perceived systemic risk to the financial system, policymakers have often opted for issuing blanket guarantees on bank liabilities to stop or avoid widespread bank runs. In theory, blanket guarantees can prevent bank runs if they are credible. However, guarantee could add substantial fiscal costs to bank restructuring programs and may increase moral hazard going forward. Using a sample of 42 episodes of banking crises, this paper finds that blanket guarantees are successful in reducing liquidity pressures on banks arising from deposit withdrawals. However, banks' foreign liabilities appear virtually irresponsive to blanket guarantees. Furthermore, guarantees tend to be fiscally costly, though this positive association arises in large part because guarantees tend to be employed in conjunction with extensive liquidity support and when crises are severe.

This study aims to analyze the determinants of bank profitability in Angola by employing panel data econometric models, specifically, the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM), to assess the impact of internal and external factors on the financial indicators ROE, ROA, and NIM for the period 2016 to 2023. The results reveal that credit risk, operational efficiency, and liquidity are critical determinants of banking performance. Effective credit risk management and cost optimization are essential for the sector’s stability. Banking concentration presents mixed effects, enhancing net interest income while potentially undermining efficiency. Economic growth supports profitability, whereas inflation exerts a negative influence. The COVID-19 pandemic worsened asset quality, increased credit risk, and led to a rise in non-performing loans and provisions. Reforms implemented by the National Bank of Angola have contributed to strengthening the banking system’s resilience through restructuring and regulatory improvements. The rise of digitalization and fintech presents opportunities to enhance financial inclusion and efficiency, although their success relies on advancing financial literacy. This study contributes to the literature by providing updated empirical evidence on the factors influencing bank profitability within an emerging economy’s distinctive institutional and economic context.

Armed aggression and its negative impact on the exogenous and endogenous environment of economic agents aggravate the problems of the sectors of the national economy, in particular, the banking sector. In this context, the state acquires a key role in managing the processes of the banking sector at both the micro and macro levels. The aim of the article is to determine the key characteristics of the state’s influence on the banking sector in Ukraine during the active phase of the war. The method of synthesis, the method of economic and statistical analysis, and the case method were applied for the analysis. The methodological framework of the research is the method of strategic analysis. The key task of balancing the operational work of the banking sector, maintaining a stable macroeconomic condition and state security is emphasized. As a result, emphasis is placed on the need to define a system of key indicators for management by the regulator and central authorities during the war. Accordingly, the analysis of these indicators showed that the banking sector of Ukraine did not experience catastrophic losses in 2022, which indicates the success of the state in this area. In particular, the number of operating banks in Ukraine slightly decreased by -5.7% in 2022 to 67 banks. Moreover, it was recorded that the banking sector of Ukraine maintained a positive financial result at the level of UAH 12 billion net profit in Q3 2022. Prospects for future research consist of an in-depth study of factors influencing the complex of state actions at the micro- and macro-levels in terms of meeting the needs of the main groups of stakeholders.

Objective: The objective of the article is to identify and systemize the governance dynamics and related socio- economic consequences of the fintech transformation in banking, while acknowledging spatial contexts. Research Design Methods: The research framework comprised Global Production Networks (GPN), Global Value Chain (GVC), and co-evolutionary approaches to guide a systematic literature review in the Scopus, Web of Science, and Taylor Francis databases for 2016-2021. The final sample comprised 76 sources that became the basis for selective coding and the synthesis of the results.Findings: Fintech impacted banking governance by creating a dual and interrelated system of global financial networks and a ‘mosaic’ of territorial financial ecologies and ecosystems, where incumbent banks held an im- portant but not exclusive position. The fintech-enhanced governance transformations had both positive socio- economic effects (improved efficiency, expanded range of services, and inclusion of unbanked or under-served customers) and negative effects (over-indebtedness, surveillance, and exclusion of some customers). Wider so- cio-economic consequences refered to sustainable development and changes in economic and social behaviour. Implications Recommendations: A research framework and agenda for future studies related to the dy- namics of fintech-driven governance in banking have been elaborated. The article derives the immediate and wider economic and social consequences of fintech-driven transformations. The results can also be applied in public policies oriented towards sustainable socio-economic development.Contribution Value Added: The study provides theoretical and policy-relevant contributions. Firstly, it broadens the research on the transformation of banking governance in the spatial context. Secondly, it contributes theoretically by proposing a research framework of GVC and GPN governance augmented by a co-evolutionary perspective. Thirdly, the article informs policy that seeks financial inclusion for cohesive and sustainable development.

Over the last two decades, the regulators of the financial services sector in Saudi Arabia have aimed to develop a level of fair competition in the provision of banking services across the country. This paper utilizes non-structural approaches, the H-statistic developed by, and the Granger causality test. The second approach involves determining the Granger-based causal relationship between banks' cost efficiency and competition via data envelope analysis (DEA) using the generalized method of moments (GMM) panel. The study's data were drawn from 11 traditional banks in Saudi Arabia, covering the period from 2015 to 2021 (yearly data). The results of the non-structural approach, i.e., the H-statistic, demonstrate that the average fund rate had a positive effect on competition; however, the physical capital price index, the index of leverage, and the credit risk negatively affect the total revenue. Furthermore, a positive H-statistic value reflects the positive causality between competition and cost efficiency (higher efficiency results in a higher level of competition). The DEA results indicate that competition in the year 2021 was influenced by the competition level of the previous year (2020); moreover, the relationship between the previous year's cost efficiency Granger value, the greater availability, and the lower prices of banking products had a significant influence on the competition in the years under consideration (since a positive significant result from the test is available), which reflects the higher level of market structure and the greater availability and lower prices of banking products. Cost efficiency in the year 2021 was also positively influenced by the cost efficiency level of the previous year (2020), with competition forcing efficiency via the cutting of costs.

Purpose This paper provides evidence that the banking sector reforms of 2004 and 2009 enhanced prudential performance of the banking industry and financial system stability in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach This study uses regression analysis with regime shift to confirm results from tests of two means and variances model to examine the effectiveness of banking sector reforms in Nigeria. Findings Evidence from the regression model agrees with findings from the test of means model (not controlling for trend effects) that capital to assets ratio rose while non-performing loan ratio declined after the reforms, and that capital to earning assets ratio rose when trend effects were accounted for. Both the regression model and the tests of means model controlling for trend effects show that return on asset, return on equity and return on earning assets ratios declined after the reforms. Research limitations/implications This paper evaluated the effectiveness of banking sector reforms in Nigeria using models that avoid weaknesses that besieged many previous studies. It however used data covering 1983–2020 period, due to data availability. A larger scope of data may improve the results, and future research may re-examine this theme as more data become available. Furthermore, banking stability issues could be examined using specialised techniques such as the generalised autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity model and related family. Practical implications These results suggest that the reforms led to improvement in the sector’s resilience (risks-absorbing capacity) and asset quality, and that profitability had not been the primary focus of the reforms. Social implications The authors recommend that regulatory and supervisory authorities in Nigeria continue to implement and improve on banking sector reforms for a more resilient and functional banking system. As a contribution to social research, this study shows that studies on policy evaluation should be located within appropriate theoretical framework: the theory of change. It shows that an appropriate use of attribution analysis and contribution analysis within this theoretical framework engenders robust analysis and results. Otherwise, the analytical findings would be erroneous and policy advice misguided. Originality/value The statistical significance of our findings establishes that the banking sector reforms in Nigeria have been effective in promoting financial system stability in Nigeria. By deploying both the test of means with and without trend effects (an attribution analysis) and the multivariate regression analysis with regulatory shift (a contribution analysis), and relying more on the later for its superiority, this study contributes to the body of knowledge in that, it not only determined the true effects of banking sector reforms in Nigeria for appropriate policy guidance but also demonstrated that, in research, an inappropriate methodology produces results that may diverge from the more accurate ones that were derived from the correct methodology.

There has recently been a proliferation of new quantitative tools as part of various initiatives to improve the monitoring of systemic risk. The \"SysMo\" project takes stock of the current toolkit used at the IMF for this purpose. It offers detailed and practical guidance on the use of current systemic risk monitoring tools on the basis of six key questions policymakers are likely to ask. It provides \"how-to\" guidance to select and interpret monitoring tools; a continuously updated inventory of key categories of tools (\"Tools Binder\"); and suggestions on how to operationalize systemic risk monitoring, including through a systemic risk \"Dashboard.\" In doing so, the project cuts across various country-specific circumstances and makes a preliminary assessment of the adequacy and limitations of the current toolkit.