Catalogue Search | MBRL
Are you sure you want to remove the book from the shelf?
{{itemTitle}}
305,084
result(s) for
"BIAS"
Sort by:
212 Is there an ethnicity bias of access to MS services? The barts health experience revisited
IntroductionPrinciple 1 of the NHS constitution states that access to services should be non-discriminatory including ethnic background. Early diagnosis and initiation of disease modifying treatment (DMT) in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) is important for prognosis. We report findings from a re-audit of ethnic equity of clinical service experience in pwMS in east London.MethodsRetrospective cohort of pwMS ≥18 years old, diagnosed between 2014–2017 with 2 years of follow-up, attending Neurology services at Barts Health NHS Trust. We compared access to MS services between ethnic groups. Result variables included (i) first symptom to diagnosis (S2D) and (ii) diagnosis to DMT (D2T).Results59 pwMS fulfilled inclusion criteria, 7/59 were Black, 13/59 South Asian, 22/59 White and 17/59 as Other. There was a non-significant trend towards shorter S2D in White pwMS (1.2 years) compared to the other groups (Black 1.94, South Asian 1.93 and Other 1.55) (p=0.54). No difference was observed regarding D2T (Black 0.51 years, South Asian 0.31, White 0.58 and Other 0.47, p=0.25).ConclusionReassuringly, no ethnic inequity of access to MS services was detected, confirming findings of the original audit.
Journal Article
Widespread sampling biases in herbaria revealed from large-scale digitization
Nonrandom collecting practices may bias conclusions drawn from analyses of herbarium records. Recent efforts to fully digitize and mobilize regional floras online offer a timely opportunity to assess commonalities and differences in herbarium sampling biases.
We determined spatial, temporal, trait, phylogenetic, and collector biases in c. 5 million herbarium records, representing three of the most complete digitized floras of the world: Australia (AU), South Africa (SA), and New England, USA (NE).
We identified numerous shared and unique biases among these regions. Shared biases included specimens collected close to roads and herbaria; specimens collected more frequently during biological spring and summer; specimens of threatened species collected less frequently; and specimens of close relatives collected in similar numbers. Regional differences included overrepresentation of graminoids in SA and AU and of annuals in AU; and peak collection during the 1910s in NE, 1980s in SA, and 1990s in AU. Finally, in all regions, a disproportionately large percentage of specimens were collected by very few individuals. We hypothesize that these mega-collectors, with their associated preferences and idiosyncrasies, shaped patterns of collection bias via ‘founder effects’.
Studies using herbarium collections should account for sampling biases, and future collecting efforts should avoid compounding these biases to the extent possible.
Journal Article
Unreliable : bias, fraud, and the reproducibility crisis in biomedical research
\"Scientists specializing in the in-depth analysis of the published scientific literature have to the conclusion that a large part of the scientific literature covers results that cannot be replicated in other independent laboratories. Scientists take this to mean that the results are unreliable or untrue. In this book, biomedical researcher Csaba Szabo summarizes the causes and consequences of this so-called \"reproducibility crisis\" in biomedical research. The range of causes is wide, from the specificities of the methods used, through various pitfalls in the design of experiments and analysis of experimental data (e.g., confirmation bias), plagiarism and deliberate data falsification, to the systematic publication of fictitious experiments that have never been performed. Through a few blatant examples - e.g. Anil Potti (Duke University); Piero Anversa (Harvard University) - Szabo describes the damaging impact that blatant fraud can have on the development of an entire field of science, and introduces some of the maverick \"science investigators\" - often working in anonymity - who devote their lives to tracking down and exposing scientific fraudsters. The book also answers the questions (a) what individual and systemic factors are involved in allowing these phenomena to occur, (b) why the appropriate steps have not been taken to control them, and (c) what the implications of the crisis are for the future of medicine and, within it, for the development of new drugs\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Information bias in health research: definition, pitfalls, and adjustment methods
As with other fields, medical sciences are subject to different sources of bias. While understanding sources of bias is a key element for drawing valid conclusions, bias in health research continues to be a very sensitive issue that can affect the focus and outcome of investigations. Information bias, otherwise known as misclassification, is one of the most common sources of bias that affects the validity of health research. It originates from the approach that is utilized to obtain or confirm study measurements. This paper seeks to raise awareness of information bias in observational and experimental research study designs as well as to enrich discussions concerning bias problems. Specifying the types of bias can be essential to limit its effects and, the use of adjustment methods might serve to improve clinical evaluation and health care practice.
Journal Article
Un-shrink-ing : how to face fatphobia
\"The definitive takedown of fatphobia, drawing on personal experience as well as rigorous research to expose how size discrimination harms everyone, and how to combat it-from the acclaimed author of Down Girl and Entitled. For as long as she can remember, Kate Manne has wanted to be smaller. She can tell you what she weighed on any significant occasion: her wedding day, the day she became a professor, the day her daughter was born. She's been bullied and belittled for her size, leading to extreme dieting. As a feminist philosopher, she wanted to believe that she was exempt from the cultural gaslighting that compels so many of us to ignore our hunger. But she was not. Blending intimate stories with the trenchant analysis that has become her signature, Manne shows why fatphobia has become a vital social justice issue. Over the last several decades, implicit bias has waned in every category, from race to sexual orientation, except one: body size. Manne examines how anti-fatness operates-how it leads us to make devastating assumptions about a person's attractiveness, fortitude, and intellect, and how it intersects with other systems of oppression. Fatphobia is responsible for wage gaps, medical neglect, and poor educational outcomes; it is a straitjacket, restricting our freedom, our movement, our potential. In this urgent call to action, Manne proposes a new politics of \"body reflexivity\"-a radical reevaluation of who our bodies exist in the world for: ourselves and no one else. When it comes to fatphobia, the solution is not to love our bodies more. Instead, we must dismantle the forces that control and constrain us, and remake the world to accommodate people of every size\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
0441 Attentional Bias Toward Hypnotic-Related Cues in Long-Term Hypnotic Users: An ERP Study
Abstract
Introduction
Although hypnotic drugs are often suggested for short-term use, prolonged usage of the hypnotics are common in clinical settings. There has been a concern that whether this practice will lead to drug dependence. Attentional bias to drug-related cues has been indicated as an important factor in substance dependence. This study aims to examine the attentional bias toward hypnotics in long-term hypnotic users by measuring event-related potential (ERP) elicited by hypnotic-related pictures.
Methods
22 insomnia patients were recruited from communities; 13 of them were long-term hypnotic users (> 6 months; LTH group), and 9 of them had not been using hypnotics for 6 months and had never used hypnotics for longer than 3 months (control group). Participants came to the laboratory for a night. An oddball task (20:80) was administered, which included 2 blocks with 32 hypnotic-related or sleep-related (non-target), 96 neutral (non-target), and 32 animal pictures (target) presented on a computer screen in each block. Participants were required to respond to animal pictures as targets. ERPs induced by stimuli were recorded during the task. A polysomnography was conducted afterward to rule out other sleep disorders. The differences of the amplitude and latency of P3 wave, as an index for attentional processing, between groups at Fz, Cz, Pz, F3, F4, C3, C4, P3, P4 channels were evaluated.
Results
Both the amplitude and latency of P3 toward hypnotic-related stimuli in LTH group are significantly larger than in control group (amplitude: U=28, p=0.042; and U=25, p=0.025 at F3, C3 channel, respectively; latency: U=29, p=0.049; U=26, p=0.030; and U=24, p=0.021 at Fz, Cz, C4 channel, respectively). There are no significant differences in the amplitude and latency of P3 toward neutral stimuli between two groups.
Conclusion
The result shows an enhanced attentional processing toward hypnotic-related stimuli in long-term hypnotic users. The attentional bias toward substance-related cues, which has been shown as a crucial predictor of craving, suggests that there may be an underlying cognitive process associated with substance dependent development in long-term hypnotic use.
Support (If Any)
Ministry-of-Science-and-Technology, Taiwan (MOST-101-2410-H-004-082-MY3).
Journal Article
This book is cute
\"Information about why certain people, animals and things are considered \"cute\" and the scientific background, for children\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
25 A study of the different methodologies used in calculation of extra-cellular volume by CMR imaging
IntroductionTissue characterisation with MRI derived extra-cellular volume (ECV) measurement using T1 mapping is a well-recognised tool guiding clinical diagnosis and treatment. Concerns regarding blood-pool artefact have led to multiple methodologies with no consistency in assessment. This study investigates how ECV values and inter-observer reproducibility varies depending on technique.MethodsPatients with primary mitral regurgitation (MR) underwent multiparametric CMR imaging (1.5 T Siemens Avanto). ECV was calculated using MOLLI-derived T1 mapping (mid- and basal-LV, CircleCvi42) by two methods: global segmental analyses with variable endocardial:epicardial percentage offsets (20:20, 0:50, 10:50, 20:50) and region of interest (ROI). A second observer independently analysed a subset for inter-observer reproducibility, with independent exclusion of artefactual segments.ResultsThirty patients were studied (LVEF 72%±7%, LVEDVi 101±19 ml/m2, LVESVi 30±11 ml/m2, MR fraction 41%±16%, age 66±11 years). ECV values were lowest using ROI (septum 26.0%±2.5%, anterior 26.0%±0.26%, posterior 26.3%±0.39%), followed by 20:20 offset (28.0%±3.3%), and were highest with 0:50 offset (29.9%±3.4%). A 20:20 offset approach was most reproducible following 8% segmental exclusion (mean bias 0.21%±0.12%, intraclass correlation (ICC) 0.994), followed by 20:50, 10:50, and 0:50 offsets (mean bias 0.39%±0.24%, ICC 0.992). Anterior ROI was more reproducible than septal (mean bias 0.14%±0.72%, ICC 0.96 vs 0.48%±0.74%, ICC 0.929).ConclusionThere is considerable variability in ECV derived using ROI compared with a segmental approach, highlighting the importance of consistency within analyses. ECV calculation using septal ROI is commonly reported in the literature, but we have shown that a global segmental approach using 20:20 offsets have superior reproducibility, despite variable exclusion of artefactual segments.
Journal Article