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Migration of nurses continues to be a problem facing most African countries because governments are not able to absorb graduate nurses into the local health system. Because of this, some governments have resorted to bilateral agreements with other western countries to export nurses. Ghana has not been immunised against this social phenomenon. The government, through a bilateral agreement with the government of Barbados, has sent some nurses to the island. However, among the studies that have looked at the experiences of migrant nurses, the challenges and experiences of Ghanaian nurses in Barbados have not been explored. This paper explored the experiences and challenges of Ghanaian nurses in Barbados using video‐based analysis, relying on three already existing videos of some of the nurses on YouTube. It was found that although the political environment was not favourable, the nurses were happy with the government’s decision to export nurses. Further, it was found that the government of Ghana does not play its supervisory role over the contracts to ensure that items in the contract are observed, which affects the nurses sent there.

In the structure of the Ukrainian electricity market, the bilateral agreements market was initially considered an unorganized segment. However, over time, most of the forward electricity trading has been transferred to an organised electronic platform. Over the 5 years of the liberalised electricity market in Ukraine, the bilateral agreements market has its own patterns, different from other market segments restricted by the price caps. The article aims to analyze the key trends in organized trading in the electricity at the bilateral agreements market and determine the directions for its further development, taking into account changes in the electricity system and regulatory advancements. The article provides analytical support for the organized forward electricity trading, which includes clas- sification of trading forms, determination of the market balance and price trend, that allows to identify tendencies in its development. The analysis of organized electricity trading in the bilateral agreements market of Ukraine was carried out by the data of the Ukrainian Energy Exchange for the period from 01.07.2019 to 30.06.2024, which covers the launch of the European market model in Ukraine, the Covid-19 pandemic, the European energy crisis, the russian military aggres- sion against Ukraine, including the 1st and 2nd phases of the energy terror. The key trends in the development of organized forward electricity trading in Ukraine can be identified as follows: (1) sharp changes in sales volumes due to changes in the condition of the electric power system and ongoing regulatory innovations; (2) wide diversification and lack of a consistent product portfolio; (3) dependence of agreement terms and electricity prices on the condition of the electric power system; (4) inconsistency between the bids of electricity supply and asks of electricity demand; (5) the own electricity price trend unrestricted by price caps. Further development of forward trading in Ukraine requires ensuring consistency between commercial and physical electricity flows as they approach the actual time of supply, which can be achieved by launching financial derivatives for electricity with the possibility of converting them into commodity products.

Through the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) many countries in the region was agreed to liberalize their financial market and integration. The Commitment is to strengthen economic growth and promote financial stability in ASEAN region. In 2014, ABIF has the plan to achieve more integrated banking market spearheaded by Qualified ASEAN Banks (QABs), with promoting financial development and higher regional economic growth as the priority outcomes. QABs are anchored by the principles that emphasize inclusiveness, transparency, and reciprocity. Based on ABIF, any two ASEAN countries may enter the reciprocity bilateral agreements to provide QABs with greater market access, and operational flexibilities consistent with those of domestic banks in the respective host countries. Indonesia is expecting the reciprocity principle to be enforced under bilateral agreement. This research was conducted by using the normative juridical method with an analytical descriptive approach. The result from this research is a good to go bilateral agreement should consider the current condition, be business friendly, and give priority to the national interest. Reciprocity principle becomes an important element in bilateral agreement to gain the equality of access, treatment, and environment for QABs in host countries.

We examine the short-term and long-term impact of bilateral agreements on migrant workers’ vulnerability during their employment in Israel. To do so, we developed the Vulnerability Index of Migrant Workers based on five dimensions: poor working conditions, poor living conditions, poor safety conditions, low wages, and dependence on migration costs. We focus on migrant workers arriving in Israel from two different countries (China and Thailand), employed in two different sectors of the economy (construction and agriculture, respectively). Data was gathered through a survey conducted among workers arriving from both countries before and after the implementation of the bilateral agreements. The study revealed that after the implementation of bilateral agreements, the working, living and safety conditions of migrant workers remained poor or even worsened. For Thai workers, there was a slight improvement in the working and living conditions in the short term after the bilateral agreement, but they worsened in the long run. The total Index of Vulnerability of both groups showed improvement due to the dramatic decrease in dependence on migration costs, despite the deterioration in some working and living conditions and the reduction in migrant workers’ relative wages.

Purpose This paper aims to indicate that the foreign investment system in Jordan includes many provisions that create an appropriate environment for encouraging foreign investments and grant a distinctive treatment for the foreign investor that allows them the status equal to the national investor. Design/methodology/approach This study deals with the protection provided by the Jordan Government for foreign investments to attract foreign investment by studying the guarantees given by Jordan including many legal principles that encourage investment. The legal guarantees for the foreign investor enhance the confidence of the foreign investor in the host country. Findings The system provides a lot of guarantees with respect to non-commercial risks to which the foreign investor may be exposed. Originality/value The paper also clarifies that the role played by bilateral agreements in the field of investments, as these agreements give foreign investments a measure of protection through the guarantees and they are considered as incentives for the investor.

[...]any satisfactory approach should include mechanisms for assurance that all parties are honouring their obligations. Additionally, market-based arrangements, with patents, marketing exclusivity, and confidentiality clauses, give pharmaceutical companies the freedom to choose what treatments to research and develop, how to price and distribute their products, and whom to furnish with products through bilateral agreements.9 Indeed, companies need not produce vaccines or infectious disease therapies at all. Unlike vaccines themselves, vaccine-related knowledge is non-rivalrous. [...]vaccine manufacturers have a duty to share knowledge with potential vaccine producers. Transferring technology and scaling up production will take months, maybe years. [...]scarcity abates, pharmaceutical companies are obligated to ensure their vaccine production is both optimised and fairly distributed.

India also supports three science and technology centers: independent organizations established under intergovernmental bilateral agreements with France, Germany, and the USA. [...]the government contributes to international networks such as the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, the European Molecular Biology Organization, and the Human Frontier Science Program. [...]a collaborative project was undertaken by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), in which a developmental study was conducted taking 30 HIV-positive patients and 18 HIV-related service providers for understanding of sexual risk-taking HIV-related disclosure and other behavioral patterns among HIV-positive individuals in Baroda, Gujarat. [...]the results of these collaborations will not only be seen in specific work done at the time of collaboration but also during the professional lifetimes of scholarship and publication.

Since 2013, hundreds of thousands of refugees have migrated southward to Jordan to escape the Syrian civil war that began in mid-2011. Evaluating impacts of conflict and migration on land use and transboundary water resources in an active war zone remains a challenge. However, spatial and statistical analyses of satellite imagery for the recent period of Syrian refugee mass migration provide evidence of rapid changes in land use, water use, and water management in the Yarmouk–Jordan river watershed shared by Syria, Jordan, and Israel. Conflict and consequent migration caused ∼50% decreases in both irrigated agriculture in Syria and retention of winter rainfall in Syrian dams, which gave rise to unexpected additional stream flow to downstream Jordan during the refugee migration period. Comparing premigration and postmigration periods, Syrian abandonment of irrigated agriculture accounts for half of the stream flow increase, with the other half attributable to recovery from a severe drought. Despite this increase, the Yarmouk River flow into Jordan is still substantially below the volume that was expected by Jordan under the 1953, 1987, and 2001 bilateral agreements with Syria.

Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCAs) are widely promoted as an international instrument to achieve certain conservation, cooperation and developmental goals, especially within the Southern African Development Community (SADC). In the SADC context, the status of TFCAs is categorized based on the extent to which international agreements have been signed. These agreements take different forms such as treaties, memorandums of understanding (MoUs), protocols and bilateral agreements. However, the efficacy of agreement-based approaches towards the categorization of TFCAs has been questioned because it does not acknowledge the implementation complexities of TFCAs and lacks a sound conceptual basis. This research evaluates the international TFCA agreements in SADC with a view to recommending a revised categorization. This is achieved by applying Theory of Change (ToC) to a sample of ten signed TFCAs agreements. The results show a lack of enforcement mechanisms, weak provision for implementation and poorly defined objectives. These weaknesses of agreement-based approaches can best be addressed by expanding the categorization of TFCAs to also include the extent of legislative and operational alignment. The revised categorization supports a more complete understanding of TFCA implementation.