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Through the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) many countries in the region was agreed to liberalize their financial market and integration. The Commitment is to strengthen economic growth and promote financial stability in ASEAN region. In 2014, ABIF has the plan to achieve more integrated banking market spearheaded by Qualified ASEAN Banks (QABs), with promoting financial development and higher regional economic growth as the priority outcomes. QABs are anchored by the principles that emphasize inclusiveness, transparency, and reciprocity. Based on ABIF, any two ASEAN countries may enter the reciprocity bilateral agreements to provide QABs with greater market access, and operational flexibilities consistent with those of domestic banks in the respective host countries. Indonesia is expecting the reciprocity principle to be enforced under bilateral agreement. This research was conducted by using the normative juridical method with an analytical descriptive approach. The result from this research is a good to go bilateral agreement should consider the current condition, be business friendly, and give priority to the national interest. Reciprocity principle becomes an important element in bilateral agreement to gain the equality of access, treatment, and environment for QABs in host countries.

Purpose This paper aims to indicate that the foreign investment system in Jordan includes many provisions that create an appropriate environment for encouraging foreign investments and grant a distinctive treatment for the foreign investor that allows them the status equal to the national investor. Design/methodology/approach This study deals with the protection provided by the Jordan Government for foreign investments to attract foreign investment by studying the guarantees given by Jordan including many legal principles that encourage investment. The legal guarantees for the foreign investor enhance the confidence of the foreign investor in the host country. Findings The system provides a lot of guarantees with respect to non-commercial risks to which the foreign investor may be exposed. Originality/value The paper also clarifies that the role played by bilateral agreements in the field of investments, as these agreements give foreign investments a measure of protection through the guarantees and they are considered as incentives for the investor.

[...]any satisfactory approach should include mechanisms for assurance that all parties are honouring their obligations. Additionally, market-based arrangements, with patents, marketing exclusivity, and confidentiality clauses, give pharmaceutical companies the freedom to choose what treatments to research and develop, how to price and distribute their products, and whom to furnish with products through bilateral agreements.9 Indeed, companies need not produce vaccines or infectious disease therapies at all. Unlike vaccines themselves, vaccine-related knowledge is non-rivalrous. [...]vaccine manufacturers have a duty to share knowledge with potential vaccine producers. Transferring technology and scaling up production will take months, maybe years. [...]scarcity abates, pharmaceutical companies are obligated to ensure their vaccine production is both optimised and fairly distributed.

Since 2013, hundreds of thousands of refugees have migrated southward to Jordan to escape the Syrian civil war that began in mid-2011. Evaluating impacts of conflict and migration on land use and transboundary water resources in an active war zone remains a challenge. However, spatial and statistical analyses of satellite imagery for the recent period of Syrian refugee mass migration provide evidence of rapid changes in land use, water use, and water management in the Yarmouk–Jordan river watershed shared by Syria, Jordan, and Israel. Conflict and consequent migration caused ∼50% decreases in both irrigated agriculture in Syria and retention of winter rainfall in Syrian dams, which gave rise to unexpected additional stream flow to downstream Jordan during the refugee migration period. Comparing premigration and postmigration periods, Syrian abandonment of irrigated agriculture accounts for half of the stream flow increase, with the other half attributable to recovery from a severe drought. Despite this increase, the Yarmouk River flow into Jordan is still substantially below the volume that was expected by Jordan under the 1953, 1987, and 2001 bilateral agreements with Syria.

Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCAs) are widely promoted as an international instrument to achieve certain conservation, cooperation and developmental goals, especially within the Southern African Development Community (SADC). In the SADC context, the status of TFCAs is categorized based on the extent to which international agreements have been signed. These agreements take different forms such as treaties, memorandums of understanding (MoUs), protocols and bilateral agreements. However, the efficacy of agreement-based approaches towards the categorization of TFCAs has been questioned because it does not acknowledge the implementation complexities of TFCAs and lacks a sound conceptual basis. This research evaluates the international TFCA agreements in SADC with a view to recommending a revised categorization. This is achieved by applying Theory of Change (ToC) to a sample of ten signed TFCAs agreements. The results show a lack of enforcement mechanisms, weak provision for implementation and poorly defined objectives. These weaknesses of agreement-based approaches can best be addressed by expanding the categorization of TFCAs to also include the extent of legislative and operational alignment. The revised categorization supports a more complete understanding of TFCA implementation.

We examine network formation through bilateral trade agreements (BTA) among three symmetric countries. Each government decides whether to form a link or not via a BTA depending on the differential of the ex-post and ex-ante sum of real wages in the country. Setting the governmental decision in two forms, myopic and farsighted, we analyze the resulting network formation. Firstly, we find that both myopic and farsighted games achieve complete networks. Secondly, networks resulting from myopic games coincide with those resulting from farsighted games.

Background Health and care workforce (HCWF) migration increased globally and the HCWF crisis in high-income countries, armed conflicts and COVID-19 politics added new dynamics. These developments exacerbate inequalities between sending and receiving countries, challenging international regulations and calling for a critical reassessment of the Global Code and the promises of bilateral agreements and circular migration. HCWF migration flows not only accelerated and increased in numbers, the patterns also diversified, driven by novel multi-facetted push-and-pull factors. The Global South is emerging as the most important future source of the HCWF. Sub-Saharan Africa is a key example of how overproduction and unemployment of health and care workers (HCWs) accelerate dynamics that feed Europe's health systems while the national population is suffering from under-resourced and collapsing healthcare. Bilateral HCWF migration agreements between high- and middle-to-low income countries pretend to act ethically, but research evidence reveals unequal benefits for the receivers. Lastly, growing numbers of refugees trained as health professionals were fleeing armed conflicts, creating a pool of HCWs for Western countries. Ukraine refugees may illustrate how opportunities for effective integration in receiving countries may support individual needs and humanitarian rights as well as health system needs especially in neighbouring countries, but weaken the Ukrainian health system and cause long-term disadvantages. These changing migration patterns add novel needs and challenges to international regulations, making equity and ethical governance an even more urgent public health responsibility. Objectives This workshop aligns the needs of health systems in the Global South and in Ukraine as a country strongly affected by war and refugees with the needs of high-income countries, in particular, European Union member states. We argue for greater attention to international regulation and novel policy approaches. The panel is organised as moderated policy dialogue. It connects national and global/international perspectives, as well as EUPHA's HCWF expertise and ethics competencies. The discussion begins with three panellists providing expert insights into different HCWF migration scenarios, followed by reflections on ethical policy solutions, and capacity for international regulation lead by WHO. The workshop initiates dialogue and knowledge exchange to explore novel policy solutions for more equitable and ethically-grounded global HCWF governance. The recommendations emerging from the expert panel will be critically reflected and further explored in a moderated plenary discussion, providing ample time for discussion and integration of expertise from the audience. The workshop will strengthen EUPHA's advocacy for equity in healthcare and policy and build capacity for a resilient HCWF in Europe and globally. Key messages • Global health worker migration calls for a critical assessment of international regulations to improve equity and workforce resilience in sending and receiving countries. • Diverse migration scenarios require flexible transformative policy solutions to balance different needs of health systems, labour markets, and individual health workers ethically. Speakers/Panellists Pieternella Pieterse RCSI, Dublin, Ireland Julia Lohmann LMU Munich, Munich, Germany Zuzana Kotherová Faculty of Social Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czechia Farhang Tahzib Faculty of Public Health, Haywards heath, UK

Road freight transport is indispensable to international economic cooperation and foreign trade. Across all continents, it is commonly used for short and medium distances and in long distance haulage when minimizing time is important. In all instances governments play a critical role in ensuring the competitive advantage of private sector operators. Countries often have many opportunities to minimize the physical or administrative barriers that increase costs, take measures to enhance the attractiveness and competitiveness of road transport, or generally nurture the integral role of international road freight transport in the global trade logistics industry. Road freight transport is critical to domestic and international trade. It is the dominant mode of transport for overland movement of trade traffic, carrying more than 80 percent of traffic in most regions. Generally, nearly all trade traffic is carried by road at some point. Therefore, the cost and quality of road transport services is of critical importance to trade competitiveness of countries and regions within countries. In fact, road transport is fundamental to modern international division of labor and supply-chain management.

OP 6: Health Policy 2, B308 (FCSH), September 3, 2025, 15:45 - 16:45 Aims Nepal ranks among the top labour sending countries in South Asia. Nepali migrant workers predominantly engage in semi-skilled and low-skilled jobs abroad, often referred to as 3D jobs (dirty, difficult, and dangerous). These working conditions place them at high risk for injuries, disabilities, and poor mental health outcomes. Government reports indicate that the number of returnee migrants with disabilities is on the rise. Current literature on migration health in Nepal primarily focuses on common health issues among migrants, including mental health and workplace safety in destination countries, but these studies examine issues in isolation. Both migration health scholarship and social policy landscape in Nepal have inadequately addressed the lived experiences of returnee migrants with disabilities, their migratory journeys, and the multiple burdens they face. The aim of this presentation is to examine the multiple burdens returnee migrants with disabilities face at various points of migration and reintegration into their communities. Methods This research employs mixed methodologies including, ethnographic techniques, 12-15 life history interviews/resource mapping exercises and approximately 300 cross-sectional surveys with returnee migrants with disabilities and 12-15 key informant interviews with policy makers in Koshi and Bagmati provinces will be conducted. Results This presentation will highlight, challenges faced by returnee migrants with disabilities in accessing healthcare services and counselling facilities, coping mechanisms adopted to manage everyday life while struggling with managing multiple challenges of physical and psychosocial disabilities. Moreover, this study emphasizes, the role of structural and social determinants (physical infrastructure, government policies, bilateral agreements, interventions) in shaping the everyday lives. The relevance of context-specific evidence for promoting evidence-informed policy making. The need for contextually tailored interventions to make migration health and reintegration policies disability-inclusive in Nepal. Conclusions The study contributes significantly to an under explored area of scholarship (intersections of disability, migration, health studies) and evidence-informed policy design.