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Subject and purpose of work: The purpose of this research is to the a ssess the Indo-French bilateral cooperation in the Indo-Pacific region. The study aims to identify the main areas of cooperation between India and France. This paper assesses a roadmap for the broader strategy for the „Indo-Pacific Parks Partnership”.Materials and methods: It uses the empirical approach to know to what extent the Indo-French cooperation achieves its goal. Further, this study answers the following research questions to test a hypothesis. What kind of bilateral partnerships are the two countries shaping for deeper comprehensive cooperation? Why is the Indo-Pacific the central part of the Indo-French partnerships? India and France strategically shifted their bilateral partnership towards the Pacific and Indian Ocean regions for deeper cooperation.Results: The bilateral partnership between India and France has been tremendously accelerating for the last decade. Both the countries are better attuned in the context of Maritime Security and trade cooperation in the Indo-Pacific region.Conclusions: The article concludes that India and France need a deeper partnership in the Indo- Pacific region to accelerate trade and business in the maritime domain.

This study explores the evolution of Czechoslovak Military Intelligence cooperation within the framework of the Warsaw Pact, utilizing Jennifer E. Sims’ intelligence liaison model as a theoretical lens. The analysis reveals that early cooperation was bilateral, progressing toward a structured multilateral framework by the 1960s. A significant milestone occurred in 1964 with the institutionalization of annual conferences for military intelligence chiefs, facilitating exchanges of intelligence across multiple domains. Collaboration included sharing intelligence data, operational experiences, education, and joint exercises. While relations with East Germany, Poland, and Hungary were largely symmetrical, cooperation with Bulgaria was notably asymmetric. The hierarchical relationship with Soviet military intelligence, characterized by imbalanced information flows, underscores the influence of geopolitical dynamics. By the 1980s, intelligence cooperation was increasingly standardized and supported by automated processes. This research highlights the transition from bilateral to multilateral cooperation, demonstrating how political and strategic factors shaped intelligence interactions within the Warsaw Pact.

The UK-France joint nuclear statement of 10 July 2025 and the Treaty between the United Kingdom and Germany on friendship and bilateral cooperation of 17 July 2025 refer to an old doctrine of international law: the doctrine of vital interests. The recourse to a legal doctrine that predates not only the European Union but also the prohibition of the use of force and the United Nations could indicate that the most powerful European States are seeking to protect the entire European territory from war by employing all the instruments available under international law. This objective cannot be attained using EU law. This paper argues that these powerful States, among which there are the two nuclear powers in the Western Europe, namely the United Kingdom and France, are using old categories of international law to pursue the supreme objective of the territorial integrity of the European continent: Europe’s vital interest, indeed.

The transformation from the Kyoto Protocol to the Paris Agreement has been analyzed by international relations scholars, international law, and transnational governance theory. The international relations literature looks at the climate regime from a perspective of power distribution, state interests, institutions, and multilateral negotiations. International law theory focuses on legal analysis and design of international climate agreements. The transnational governance literature examines the participation of transnational actors at different levels of governance. However, each of these theories overlooks a bilateral trend of cooperation in a multilateral setting that arises as part of the construction or reconstruction of the international regime. Why do national and subnational public actors in global climate governance cooperate bilaterally when multilateral cooperation already exists? What type of bilateral cooperative agreements do these actors prefer, and why? Using qualitative methods, combining content analysis subsequent interviews, this research empirically demonstrates the role and importance of bilateral transatlantic cooperation and informal agreements between national and subnational actors in global climate governance. Using the EU-US case study, this research identifies a diagonal dimension of interaction between states and transnational actors. It introduces and defines the terms “translateral cooperation” and “translateral agreements” in the new climate regime.

Subject and purpose of work: The purpose of this research is to the assess the Indo-French bilateral cooperation in the Indo-Pacific region. The study aims to identify the main areas of cooperation between India and France. This paper assesses a roadmap for the broader strategy for the „Indo-Pacific Parks Partnership”. Materials and methods: It uses the empirical approach to know to what extent the Indo-French cooperation achieves its goal. Further, this study answers the following research questions to test a hypothesis. What kind of bilateral partnerships are the two countries shaping for deeper comprehensive cooperation? Why is the Indo-Pacific the central part of the Indo-French partnerships? India and France strategically shifted their bilateral partnership towards the Pacific and Indian Ocean regions for deeper cooperation. Results: The bilateral partnership between India and France has been tremendously accelerating for the last decade. Both the countries are better attuned in the context of Maritime Security and trade cooperation in the Indo-Pacific region. Conclusions: The article concludes that India and France need a deeper partnership in the Indo-Pacific region to accelerate trade and business in the maritime domain.

This paper examines the European Union Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Risk Mitigation Centres of Excellence (EU CBRN CoE) initiative and NATO’s CBRN defence policy, with particular emphasis on bilateral cooperation between the EU and NATO in addressing CBRN threats. The research traces the establishment of the EU CBRN CoE initiative and analyzes how it promotes international cooperation and synergy with other global actors, especially NATO. Through a historical review of NATO-EU security cooperation, the paper investigates both organizations’ CBRN policies, defence capabilities, and current challenges. While focusing on bilateral cooperation, the study also explores how these organizations independently counter CBRN threats. The publication concludes with practical policy recommendations aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of EU-NATO cooperation in CBRN risk reduction, acknowledging the limitations of available public information regarding NATO’s CBRN activities.

Strengthening bilateral energy security cooperation is crucial in the process of fostering the sustainable growth of China and neighboring Asian nations. Using data chosen from China and 25 adjacent nations between 2010 and 2019, this article first assesses the level of energy security using the TOPSIS (Technique of Ranking Preference with Similarity to Ideal Solution) and GRA (Grey Relational Analysis) methodologies. Additionally, based on the level of energy security, this article analyzes the coupling degree of bilateral capacity structure and, in the end, suggests a theoretical model to assess the stability of bilateral energy security cooperation. The findings demonstrate that China and its neighboring countries share the energy trilemma, which is the inability of these nations to simultaneously achieve the needs of energy supply security, energy justice, and environmental sustainability. The report also makes the case that Thailand, Kazakhstan, and the Philippines all have theoretically stronger sustainability of bilateral energy security cooperation with China. This study also offers some recommendations for improving bilateral collaboration between China and its neighbors on energy security.

Considering that the excitation method of an electric excitation synchronous motor has the disadvantages of the brush and slip ring, this article proposes a new brushless excitation system, which includes two parts: a wireless charging system and a motor. To meet the requirements of maximum transmission efficiency and constant voltage output of the system, a bilateral cooperation control strategy is proposed. For the strategy, the buck converter in the receiving side of the system can maintain maximum transmission efficiency through impedance matching, while the inverter in the transmitting side can keep the output voltage constant through phase shift modulation. In the control process, considering that the offset of coupling coils will affect the control results, a grey wolf optimization–particle swarm optimization algorithm is proposed to identify mutual inductance. Simulation and experimental results show that this identification algorithm can improve the identification accuracy and maximize the avoidance of falling into local optima. The final experimental result shows that the bilateral cooperation control strategy can maintain the output voltage around 48 V and the transmission efficiency around 84.5%, which meets the expected requirements.