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This collection of chapters, each one written by internationally recognized experts in the corresponding field, covers in a comprehensive fashion all the major aspects related to the synthesis, characterization and properties of macromolecular materials prepared using renewable resources as such, or after appropriate modifications. Thus, monomers such as terpenes and furans, oligomers like rosin and tannins, and polymers ranging from cellulose to proteins and including macromolecules synthesized by microbes, are discussed with the purpose of showing the extraordinary variety of materials that can be prepared from their intelligent exploitation. Particular emphasis has been placed on recent advances and imminent perspectives, given the incessantly growing interest that this area is experiencing in both the scientific and technological realms. The book discusses bio-refining with explicit application to materials, replete with examples of applications of the concept of sustainable development, and presents an impressive variety of novel macromolecular materials. This book is suitable for university chemistry, materials science and physics departments, research institutions, industrial laboratories, and industrial libraries.

Separation and purification processes play a critical role in biorefineries and their optimal selection, design and operation to maximise product yields and improve overall process efficiency. Separations and purifications are necessary for upstream processes as well as in maximising and improving product recovery in downstream processes. These processes account for a significant fraction of the total capital and operating costs and also are highly energy intensive. Consequently, a better understanding of separation and purification processes, current and possible alternative and novel advanced methods is essential for achieving the overall techno-economic feasibility and commercial success of sustainable biorefineries. This book presents a comprehensive overview focused specifically on the present state, future challenges and opportunities for separation and purification methods and technologies in biorefineries. Topics covered include: Equilibrium Separations: Distillation, liquid-liquid extraction and supercritical fluid extraction. Affinity-Based Separations: Adsorption, ion exchange, and simulated moving bed technologies. Membrane Based Separations: Microfiltration, ultrafiltration and diafiltration, nanofiltration, membrane pervaporation, and membrane distillation. Solid-liquid Separations: Conventional filtration and solid-liquid extraction. Hybrid/Integrated Reaction-Separation Systems: Membrane bioreactors, extractive fermentation, reactive distillation and reactive absorption. For each of these processes, the fundamental principles and design aspects are presented, followed by a detailed discussion and specific examples of applications in biorefineries. Each chapter also considers the market needs, industrial challenges, future opportunities, and economic importance of the separation and purification methods. The book concludes with a series of detailed case studies including cellulosic bioethanol production, extraction of algae oil from microalgae, and production of biopolymers. Separation and Purification Technologies in Biorefineries is an essential resource for scientists and engineers, as well as researchers and academics working in the broader conventional and emerging bio-based products industry, including biomaterials, biochemicals, biofuels and bioenergy.

Modernized biomass gasification for power generation has attracted increasing interests as an attempt to reduce our reliance on fossil fuel. In fact, over the past couple of years, a lot of RD&D has gone into overcoming the technical hurdles of biomass gasification mainly producing clean gas which is free of particulates and tars bed agglomeration and biomass feeding/handling. This book offers engineers and scientist a hands-on reference for understanding and successfully overcoming these hurdles. In this book, readers find a versatile resource that not only explains the basic principles of energy conversion and biomass conversion systems but also provides valuable insight into the design of biomass gasifiers. Thorough in his coverage, the author provides many worked out design problems, step-by-step design procedures, and real data on commercially operating systems. In addition, the book contains valuable appendices that eliminate the need to search for essential information.

Context: The dependence on conventional sources of electrical energy, the depletion of resources and the need to improve the reliability and efficiency of electric power service lead to the promotion of non-conventional sources of electric power, such as the resources of livestock residual biomass. Method: This paper presents the results of theoretical and technical energy potential in using cattle waste for the self-generation of electricity applied to two case studies. The study implements the APRENDYSAGE methodology and analyzes the technical, economic, and environmental viability using the RETScreen software. Results: The electrical energy generated from the use of livestock biomass residual resources, and the implementation of self-generation systems, can meet the needs of a household with an installed capacity of 3 kW. Conclusions: The economic investment required for the application of this type of project is quite high. However, there are benefits such as the reduction of emission of greenhouse gases, the reduction of outbreaks of infection due to inadequate management of livestock residual biomass, and the production of biofertilizers and biogas, which make the application of this type of projects advisable.

Biomass is the most widely used non-fossil fuel in the world. Biomass resources show a considerable potential in the long-term given the increasing proliferation of dedicated energy crops for biofuels. The second edition of Biomass Gasification and Pyrolysis is enhanced with new topics, such as torrefaction and cofiring, making it a versatile resource that not only explains the basic principles of energy conversion systems, but also provides valuable insight into the design of biomass conversion systems. This book will allow professionals, such as engineers, scientists, and operating personnel of biomass gasification, pyrolysis or torrefaction plants, to gain a better comprehension of the basics of biomass conversion. The author provides many worked out design problems, step-by-step design procedures and real data on commercially operating systems. With a dedicated focus on the design, analysis, and operational aspects of biomass gasification, pyrolysis, and torrefaction, Biomass Gasification, Pyrolysis and Torrefaction, Second Edition offers comprehensive coverage of biomass in its gas, liquid, and solid states in a single easy-to-access source. Contains new and updated step-by-step process flow diagrams, design data and conversion charts, and numerical examples with solutions Includes chapters dedicated to evolving torrefaction technologies, practicing option of biomass cofiring, and biomass conversion economics Expanded coverage of syngas and other Fischer-Tropsch alternatives Spotlights advanced processes such as supercritical water gasification and torrefaction of biomass. Provides available research results in an easy-to-use design methodology

Thermochemical pathways for biomass conversion offer opportunities for rapid and efficient processing of diverse feedstocks into fuels, chemicals and power. Thermochemical processing has several advantages relative to biochemical processing, including greater feedstock flexibility, conversion of both carbohydrate and lignin into products, faster reaction rates, and the ability to produce a diverse selection of fuels. Thermochemical Processing of Biomass examines the large number of possible pathways for converting biomass into fuels, chemicals and power through the use of heat and catalysts. The book presents a practical overview of the latest research in this rapidly developing field, highlighting the fundamental chemistry, technical applications and operating costs associated with thermochemical conversion strategies. Bridging the gap between research and practical application, this book is written for engineering professionals in the biofuels industry, as well as academic researchers working in bioenergy, bioprocessing technology and chemical engineering. Topics covered include: Combustion Gasification Fast Pyrolysis Hydrothermal Processing Upgrading Syngas and Bio-oil Catalytic Conversion of Sugars to Fuels Hybrid Thermochemical/Biochemical Processing Economics of Thermochemical Conversion For more information on the Wiley Series in Renewable Resources, visit www.wiley.com/go/rrs.

The world is currently faced with two significant problems: fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation, which are continuously being exacerbated due to increasing global energy consumption. As a substitute for petroleum, renewable fuels have been receiving increasing attention due a variety of environmental, economic, and societal benefits. The first-generation biofuels - ethanol from sugar or corn and biodiesel from vegetable oils - are already on the market. The goal of thisbook is to introduce readers to second-generation biofuels obtained from non-food biomass, such as forest residue, agricultural residue, switch grass, corn stover, waste wood, municipal solid wastes, and so on. Various technologies are discussed, including cellulosic ethanol, biomass gasification, synthesis of diesel and gasoline, bio-crude by hydrothermal liquefaction, bio-oil by fast pyrolysis, and the upgradation of biofuel. This book strives to serve as a comprehensive document presenting various technological pathways and environmental and economic issues related to biofuels.

There is current debate about the potential for secondary regrowth to rescue tropical forests from an otherwise inevitable cascade of biodiversity loss due to land clearing and scant evidence to test how well active restoration may accelerate recovery. We used site chronosequences to compare developmental trajectories of vegetation between self-organized (i.e., spontaneous) forest regrowth and biodiversity plantings (established for ecological restoration, with many locally native tree species at high density) in the Australian wet tropics uplands. Across 28 regrowth sites aged 1-59 years, some structural attributes reached reference rainforest levels within 40 years, whereas wood volume and most tested components of native plant species richness (classified by species' origins, family, and ecological functions) reached less than 50% of reference rainforest values. Development of native tree and shrub richness was particularly slow among species that were wind dispersed or animal dispersed with large (>10 mm) seeds. Many species with animal-dispersed seeds were from near-basal evolutionary lineages that contribute to recognized World Heritage values of the study region. Faster recovery was recorded in 25 biodiversity plantings of 1-25 years in which wood volume developed more rapidly; native woody plant species richness reached values similar to reference rainforest and was better represented across all dispersal modes; and species from near-basal plant families were better (although incompletely) represented. Plantings and regrowth showed slow recovery in species richness of vines and epiphytes and in overall resemblance to forest in species composition. Our results can inform decision making about when and where to invest in active restoration and provide strong evidence that protecting old-growth forest is crucially important for sustaining tropical biodiversity. Actualmente existe un debate sobre el potencial de la regeneración secundaria para rescatar a los bosques tropicales de una cascada inevitable de pérdida de biodiversidad debido a la generación de claros y a la escasez de evidencias que prueban cuanto puede acelerar la restauración activa a la recuperación. Usamos cronosecuencias de sitio para comparar las trayectorias de desarrollo de la vegetación entre la regeneración de bosque auto-organizada (es decir, espontánea) y las plantaciones de biodiversidad (establecidas para la restauración ecológica, con muchas especies nativas de árbol a una alta densidad) en las tierras altas del trópico húmedo de Australia. En 28 sitios de regeneración con edades entre 1-59 años, algunos atributos estructurales alcanzaron niveles de referencia para selva en 40 años, mientras que el volumen de madera y la mayoría de los componentes evaluados de la riqueza de especies de las plantas nativas (clasificados por origen de las especies, familia y funciones ecológicas) llegaron a menos del 50 % de los valores de referencia para selva. El desarrollo de la riqueza de árboles y arbustos nativos fue particularmente lento entre las especies con semillas grandes (> 10 mm) y dispersión por viento o por animales. Muchas de las especies con semillas dispersadas por animales pertenecieron a linajes evolutivos casi basales que contribuyen a los valores reconocidos de Patrimonio Mundial de la región de estudio. Se registró una recuperación más rápida en 25 plantaciones de biodiversidad con una edad entre 1-25 años y en las que el volumen de madera se desarrolló más rápidamente; la riqueza de especies leñosas nativas alcanzó valores similares a los de referencia para selva y estuvo mejor representada en todos los modos de dispersión; y las especies de familias casi basales estuvieron mejor representadas (aunque de manera incompleta). Las plantaciones y las regeneraciones mostraron una recuperación lenta para las lianas y las epífitas y en el parecido general a la selva en la composición de especies. Nuestros resultados pueden informar en la toma de decisiones sobre cuándo y dónde invertir en la restauración activa y proporcionar evidencias fuertes de que la protección del bosque maduro es muy importante para mantener a la biodiversidad tropical.

AbstrakSpirulina sp. merupakan mikro organisme mikro alga yang memiliki kandungan nutrisi lengkap, sehingga Spirulina sp. memiliki potensi yang besar untuk dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan pangan fungsional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kepadatan atau kelimpahan, berat basah dan berat kering dari Spirulina sp. dalam media pupuk hasil campuran pupuk urea, pupuk zwavelzure amoniak (ZA), dan pupuk triple super phosphate (TSP) dengan membandingkan pada pupuk kontrol dengan standar pada media conwy sebagai langkah alternatif dalam meminimalkan biaya kulturisasi Spirulina sp. sebagai bahan pangan fungsional dalam skala laboratoris. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, kepadatan spirulina sp. mengalami fase lambat (lagfase) dengan kenaikkan populasi rata-rata 781,5 unit/ml pada hari pertama sampai hari ketiga. Fase percepatan (eksponensial fase) dengan kenaikkan populasi rata-rata 3576,5 unit/ml pada hari keempat sampai hari kelima. Fase perlambatan dengan kenaikkan populasi rata-rata 595,25 unit/ml pada hari keenam sampai hari ketujuh. Dan fluktuatif pada hari kedelapan sampai hari kesembilan, sedangkan berat basah dan berat kering dari Spirulina sp. di hari ketiga sampai dengan hari kelima mengalami peningkatan yang signifikan, sedangkan berat basah dan berat kering di hari-hari berikutnya mengalami fluktuatif peningkatan dan penurunan.Adanya penurunan pertumbuhan dan biomassa dapat disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor, diantarannya, berkurangnya nutrien dalam media, berkurangnya intensitas cahaya karena penanguan sendiri, kompetisi yang semakin besar dalam mendapatkan nutrient, ruang hidup dan cahaya.Makanan fungsional yang mengandung protein tinggi salah satunnya adalah yang terbuat dari microalgae Spirulina sp. microalgae ini tidak hanya bertindak sebagai sumber protein tunggal, tetapi juga sumber karotenoid, klorofil, serta sumber mikronutrien.AbstractSpirulina sp. is a microalgae microorganism that has complete nutritional contents, Spirulina sp. has a great potential to be used as a functional food ingredient. This study aimed to determine the density or abundance, wet and dry weight of Spirulina sp. in fertilizer ingredients resulting from a mixture of urea fertilizer, zwavelzure ammonia (ZA) fertilizer, and triple superphosphate fertilizer (TSP) by comparing the control fertilizers with standards on conwey media an alternative step in minimizing the cost of culturing Spirulina sp. as a functional food ingredient in a laboratory scale. Based on the results of the study, the density of Spirulina sp. experienced a lag phase with an average population increase of 781.5 units/ml on the first day until the third day. Acceleration phase (exponential phase) with an average population increased of 3576.5 units/ml on the fourth day until the fifth day. The deceleration phase with an average population increased of 595.25 units/ml on the sixth day until the seventh day. And fluctuating on the eighth day to the ninth day, while the wet weight and dry weight of Spirulina sp. on the third day until the fifth day experienced a significant increase, while the wet weight and dry weight in the following days experienced a fluctuating increase and decrease. The decrease in growth and biomass could be caused by several factors, i.e., reduction of nutrient ingredients, reduced light intensity due to self-drying, greater competition in obtaining nutrients, living space and light. Functional foods that contained high protein one of them are those made from microalgae Spirulina sp. This microalga did not only act as a single protein source, but also a source of carotenoids, chlorophyll, and micronutrient sources 

In this work, analyses are performed on international reports applicable to Argentina regarding the use of biomass for energy generation. More specific trends in the national context are also analyzed, and then a more detailed study is performed for Córdoba, one of the three provinces in the so-called Central Region. Córdoba was chosen not only due to its large availability of biomass and wide range of agricultural production, but also because of its favorable regulation promoting energy generation with regional biomass. It becomes clear that projects using dry biomass are very limited in number and scale in this province. Considering previous studies, including articles by the authors on energy applications of regional biomass such as sorghum, esparto grass or corn, it can be hinted that the use of dry biomass resources for energy generation is well below the capacity in the chosen province. En este trabajo, se evalúan informes internacionales sobre el uso de biomasa para generación de energía en Argentina. También se analizan tendencias específicas del contexto nacional y luego se estudia más detalladamente Córdoba, una de las tres provincias de la denominada Región Centro. Se elige Córdoba no solo por su gran disponibilidad de biomasa y amplia variedad de producción agrícola, sino también por su normativa favorable para promover la generación de energía con biomasa regional. Resulta evidente que los proyectos con biomasa seca son muy limitados en cantidad y escala en esta provincia. Teniendo en cuenta estudios previos, incluso artículos de los autores sobre aplicaciones energéticas de biomasa regional como sorgo, espartillo o maíz, se revela que el aprovechamiento de los recursos de biomasa seca para generación de energía está muy por debajo de la capacidad de la provincia seleccionada.