Explore the vast range of titles available.

Introduction: physical and morphological development in youth football depends on age, maturation, and training loads. understanding these variations is key to planning the developmental process. Objective: to compare body composition and physical condition of young professional football players in Chile across different age categories. Method: 223 players from a professional club participated. body composition was assessed through fat mass, muscle mass, and the sum of six skinfolds. physical performance included countermovement jump, 10- and 30-meter sprints, change of direction test, one-repetition maximum squat, yo-yo intermittent recovery test, and kicking ability. a univariate anova was applied to compare variables between categories. Results: significant differences were found in all variables (p < 0.05; ηp2 > 0.14). post hoc analyses showed that older players had greater muscle mass, lower fat mass, and superior performance in strength and endurance tests, while younger categories presented lower values in these indicators. Discussion: findings confirm that maturation and training promote progressive improvements in physical and morphological capacities. variability across categories highlights the importance of considering both age and biological maturation. Conclusions: a clear physical and morphological progression was observed in youth footballers according to category, influenced by maturation and training. integrating biological factors into planning is essential to optimize performance and prevent injuries. Introducción: El desarrollo físico y morfológico en el fútbol juvenil depende de la edad, la maduración y las cargas de entrenamiento. comprender estas variaciones es clave para planificar el proceso formativo. Objetivo: Comparar la composición corporal y la condición física de jóvenes futbolistas profesionales en chile en diferentes categorías de edad. Método: 223 jugadores de un club profesional. la composición corporal se evaluó mediante masa grasa, masa muscular y suma de seis pliegues cutáneos. El rendimiento físico incluyó salto de contramovimiento, sprints de 10 y 30 metros, prueba de cambio de dirección, sentadilla máxima de una repetición, test yo-yo de recuperación intermitente y capacidad de patada. Se aplicó un ANOVA univariante para comparar las variables entre categorías. Resultados: Diferencias significativas en todas las variables (p < 0,05; ηp2 > 0,14). Los análisis post hoc mostraron que los jugadores de mayor edad presentaron más masa muscular, menor masa grasa y mejor desempeño en pruebas de fuerza y resistencia, mientras que las categorías menores evidenciaron valores más bajos en estos indicadores. Discusión: Los hallazgos confirman que la maduración y el entrenamiento favorecen mejoras progresivas en capacidades físicas y morfológicas. la variabilidad entre categorías subraya la importancia de considerar edad y maduración biológica. Conclusiones: Se confirma una progresión física y morfológica en futbolistas juveniles según la categoría, influida por maduración y entrenamiento. se resalta la necesidad de integrar factores biológicos en la planificación para optimizar rendimiento y prevenir lesiones. Introdução: O desenvolvimento físico e morfológico no futebol juvenil depende da idade, maturidade e cargas de treino. Compreender estas variações é fundamental para o planeamento do processo de treino. Objectivo: Comparar a composição corporal e a aptidão física de jovens jogadores profissionais de futebol no Chile em diferentes categorias etárias. Método: 223 jogadores de um clube profissional. A composição corporal foi avaliada através da massa gorda, da massa muscular e da soma de seis pregas cutâneas. O desempenho físico incluiu saltos com contramovimento, sprints de 10 e 30 metros, testes de mudança de direção, agachamentos com uma repetição, testes de ioiô com recuperação intermitente e capacidade de remate. Foi aplicada uma ANOVA univariada para comparar as variáveis ​​entre as categorias. Resultados: Foram encontradas diferenças significativas em todas as variáveis ​​​​(p < 0,05; ηp2 > 0,14). As análises post hoc mostraram que os jogadores mais velhos apresentaram maior massa muscular, menor massa gorda e melhor desempenho nos testes de força e resistência, enquanto as categorias mais jovens apresentaram valores mais baixos nestes indicadores. Discussão: Os resultados confirmam que a maturação e o treino favorecem melhorias progressivas das capacidades físicas e morfológicas. A variabilidade entre categorias reforça a importância de considerar a idade e a maturação biológica. Conclusões: A progressão física e morfológica é confirmada em jovens jogadores de futebol de acordo com a categoria, influenciada pela maturação e pelo treino. Salienta-se a necessidade de integrar fatores biológicos no planeamento para otimizar o desempenho e prevenir lesões.

Spray products based on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) (Berliner) (Bacillales: Bacillaceae) are widely used as control agents of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in some major crops such as corn, cotton, and soy. However, there is little information about the toxicity of Bt formulations to control corn and rice-infesting S. frugiperda strains. These S. frugiperda strains are morphologically indistinguishable, so they are genetically identified as corn and rice S. frugiperda strains. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of third instar larvae of both S. frugiperda biotypes to either the native Bt RT or the reference Bt HD1 subsp. kurstaki (Btk) formulations. In addition, the S. frugiperda populations were characterized by their esterase profile in polyacrylamide gels. This study also allowed differentiation of the S. frugiperda strains. Concerning the susceptibility assays, a significant difference in mortality values was found within some corn or rice S. frugiperda colonies when Bt RT treatment was used, whereas there were no significant differences in Btk HD1 toxicity within colonies that share the same biotype. When toxicity of either the native Bt RT or the reference Btk HD1 to each S. frugiperda biotype was compared, significant differences in mortality values also were found in the corn and the rice S. frugiperda strains. Finally, the statistical analysis of the mortality data revealed that there was a significant difference between the 2 S. frugiperda strains, regardless of the Bt preparation. These results show that the S. frugiperda control could depend not only on the bioinsecticide used, but also on the S. frugiperda biotype being treated.

For the first time in the United States, Bemisia tabaci MED (Q biotype of B. tabaci [Gennadius]; Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) was detected outside of greenhouse or nursery environments when it was collected from 10 residential landscape and 2 open field environments in Florida. Bemisia tabaci MED was also detected in 8 wholesale nurseries from 4 counties and 17 retail nurseries from 8 counties in Florida. Hibiscus was the host plant driver for B. tabaci MED whitefly infestations in retail and wholesale nurseries and in Florida residential landscapes. One mint sample from a retail nursery contained a single New World whitefly and represents the first detection of New World B. tabaci in Florida since it was displaced by B. tabaci Middle Eastern Asia Minor 1 in the mid-1980s.

MED was detected for the first time in the Dominican Republic from 2 provinces (Santo Domingo and Santiago), 2 host plants (tomato and tobacco), and 2 environments (greenhouse and open field). All MED sequences were identical and determined to be of Eastern Mediterranean origin. MEAM1 was the predominant B. tabaci cryptic species present, and was detected in all but 1 sample, which was 100% MED. NW was detected twice on eggplant in different geographical regions, and once on Mexican prickly poppy in a native habitat, but always with MEAM1.

Muga silkworm is endemic to Assam and adjoining areas in North-Eastern India, and naturally produces golden silk. From time immemorial, many ethnic and tribal groups have produced muga silk. Muga silkworms are mostly wild unlike the mulberry silkworm, which is completely domesticated. The muga silkworm is a single species with little genetic variation among populations, survives harsh climatic conditions and is subject to various diseases, pests and predators. Due to the high incidence of disease and natural enemies, and variations in climatic conditions, the production of muga silk has recently declined dramatically. In order to improve the productivity of this silkworm it is important to have a better knowledge of both its host plants and biology. Lack of knowledge of its genetics and host plants is a major bottleneck. This paper reviews various aspects of muga silkworm culture, including the availability of different populations, and methods used to select for improvement in survival, cocoon yield, disease resistance, conservation and egg production.

There are 2 major invasive cryptic species within the Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) cryptic species complex in Florida, called MEAM1 or biotype B, and MED or biotype Q. We used loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA to detect these groups. Primer sets developed in-house and those previously published were compared for specificity to the target species by measuring time-to-amplification of non-target and target DNA templates using real-time PCR. All these primer sets were designed using the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene. Our findings indicate that primer sets designed for MEAMl were more specific than those designed for MED across published studies and in-house designed primers. The optimal primer set for MEAM1 detection, in conjunction with the magnesium ion color indicator hydroxynaphthol blue, provided visual confirmation of target whitefly DNA amplification in 45 min. This assay was highly specific and did not amplify DNA from 8 additional sweetpotato whitefly cryptic species nor from 10 non-Bemisia whitefly species found in Florida. The assay amplified non-target DNA from 1 sweetpotato whitefly cryptic species not present in Florida and shows potential to amplify MED DNA rarely. While additional genes should be used to design more specific primers, particularly for MED, this MEAM1 assay shows promise as the foundation of a field-based tool that could quickly identify the most commonly encountered Florida whitefly species.

This study was undertaken to determine the presence and distribution of species of whiteflies in Cundinamarca, in the tomato, located in nine municipalities; for this purpose, insect samples were collected from the lower third of leaflets to identify nymphs of the fourth instar and from the upper third to identify adults with molecular markers RAPD-PCR (primer OPA 04); we also analyzed the presence of Begomoviruses (Family Geminiviridae) in tomato plants with nucleic acid hybridization in the nylon membrane. The results indicated the presence of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) as the predominant species at 40.9%, Bemisia tabaci biotype B at 4.5% and coexistence at 54.6%. B. tabaci biotype B had a wide distribution with respect to other studies, between 383 to 1,857 m a.s.l. The presence of Begomovirus was related to its vector B. tabaci biotype B in 4 out of 15 tomato-producing provinces of the department. The insecticides used for control are organophosphates (41.18%), neonicotenoids (29.41%), carbamates (17.65%) and pyrethroids (11.76%). We discuss the disturbing and rapid spread of B. tabaci biotype B in Cundinamarca.

Following 15 yr of successful use, glyphosate failed to control a population of the widespread grass weed rigid ryegrass in Australia. This population proved to be resistant to glyphosate in pot dose-response experiments conducted outdoors, exhibiting 7- to 11-fold resistance when compared to a susceptible population. Some cross-resistance to diclofop-methyl (about 2.5-fold) was also observed. Similar levels of control of the resistant and susceptible populations were obtained following application of amitrole, chlorsulfuron, fluazifop-P-butyl, paraquat, sethoxydim, sirnazine, or tralkoxydim. The presence of glyphosate resistance in a major weed species indicates a need for changes in glyphosate use patterns.

Background: Two biotypes of Aberdeen Angus cattle breed, known as Old Type and New Type, that differ in their origin and beef production are formally recognized. In Colombia, this breed has been commercialized for approximately 80 years. Studies on the origin, kinship and levels of genetic diversity of this breed in Colombian herds are scarce, yet important for planning crossing and management strategies. Objective: To measure the genetic diversity and structure of two Colombian herds of Old Type and New Type biotypes of Aberdeen Angus from Huila and Cundinamarca provinces and assess mitochondrial introgression with other breeds. Methods: A set of ten microsatellites and sequences of the Mitochondrial Control Region were characterized. Estimators of genetic diversity and population differentiation along with tests of population assignment were applied. Results: Nuclear loci were highly polymorphic as shown by the Polymorphic Information Content (0.599) and the Probability of Identity (1.896 10-08). Both populations were highly diverse and clearly differentiated into two groups corresponding to the Old Type and New Type phenotypes. In contrast, mitochondrial data failed to distinguish these two groups and showed extensive admixture. Conclusions: This study optimized a set of ten highly polymorphic nuclear markers that may be used for parentage and population genetic studies of Aberdeen Angus. Genetic differentiation in these loci agreed with phenotypic differences of the Old and New Types. However, mitochondrial data indicated ancestry of multiple European breeds in the origin of Colombian Aberdeen Angus.

About 55 species of Trialeurodes have been described with only a few viruliferous species like T. vaporariorum and T. abutilonea, which are able to transmit Criniviruses (Clostero-viridae) and T. ricini, which is able to transmit Begomovirus spp. (Geminiviridae). Quick and accurate identification of whitefly vectors in the early life stages is important from the point of view of understanding the epidemiology of crinivirus associated plant diseases, and in their management and quarantine. Morphological identification is further strengthened by DNA barcoding. In this regard, we examined genetic differences in mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase-I (COI) gene and the internal transcribe spacers (ITS) sequences of ribosomal DNA among various populations of T. vaporariorum collected from different geographic locations in the state of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh in India. Our studies are the first to analyze the genetic variation of T. vaporariorum populations in India, which showed no appreciable differences. This clearly indicated that there are no cryptic species or biotypes in T. vaporariorum in India in contrast to the studies of B. tabaci in which there is evidence for many biotypes. The phylogenetic analyses comprised of 4 Trialeurodes species showed 2 clades. Clade I is comprised of T. vaporariorum and T. abutilonea which are genetically close. Clade II consists of the remaining 2 species, viz., T. lauri and T. ricini. Also the current study provided evidence of the suggested emergence of biotypes T. ricini.