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In response to changes in both domestic and international development environments, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) has called for vigorously promoting high-standard opening up . This approach is primarily defined by the endogenous driving of high-level factors, coordinated balance between efficiency and security, and the demonstration and guidance role of institutional rules . A diversified spatial layout for regional economic cooperation serves as an effective pathway to high- standard opening up. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, China has accelerated the restructuring of this layout to facilitate a comprehensive, high-standard opening up. The main achievements include a more diversified trade and investment market, large-scale overseas operations by Chinese companies, and significant demonstration effects of China model. However, China still faces challenges such as limited replacement capacity in emerging markets and the need to enhance the self-supporting and risk-controllability of overseas supply chains . To further advance high-standard opening up through restructuring the regional economic cooperation layout, China should proactively promote high-standard regional economic and trade negotiations, stabilize and consolidate its traditional market share, strive to build a circle of friends together under the Belt and Road Initiative, help enhance the capability and vitality of emerging markets, and accelerate adjustments to its outward direct investment strategy to create a self-supporting and risk- controllable overseas supply chain system.

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the knowledge transfer and technology integration facilitated by the Jakarta-Bandung High-Speed Rail (HSR) project, a key initiative under China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The study focuses on the collaborative efforts between Indonesia and China in introducing advanced railway technologies, including the GSM-R communication system, Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs), CR400AF Electric Multiple Units (EMUs), and ballastless track systems. These technologies are not only transforming Indonesia’s transportation infrastructure but are also fostering significant knowledge transfer, equipping Indonesian engineers and professionals with essential skills and expertise in high-speed rail technology. The findings underscore the project's critical role in enhancing Indonesia’s technological capabilities and contributing to its broader goals of modernization and economic development. Este artículo ofrece un análisis exhaustivo de la transferencia de conocimiento y la integración tecnológica facilitada por el proyecto del Tren de Alta Velocidad (HSR) Jakarta-Bandung, una iniciativa clave bajo la Iniciativa de la Franja y la Ruta (BRI) de China. El estudio se centra en los esfuerzos colaborativos entre Indonesia y China en la introducción de tecnologías ferroviarias avanzadas, incluyendo el sistema de comunicación GSM-R, las máquinas tuneladoras (TBM), las Unidades Múltiples Eléctricas (EMU) CR400AF, y los sistemas de vía sin balasto. Estas tecnologías no solo están transformando la infraestructura de transporte de Indonesia, sino que también están fomentando una transferencia de conocimiento significativa, dotando a los ingenieros y profesionales indonesios de habilidades y experiencia esenciales en tecnología de alta velocidad ferroviaria. Los hallazgos subrayan el papel crítico del proyecto en la mejora de las capacidades tecnológicas de Indonesia y en su contribución a los objetivos más amplios de modernización y desarrollo económico del país.

In this paper, we examine the energy efficiency performance of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) countries using a newly developed panel data stochastic frontier model that allows for estimation of both persistent and transient efficiency while controlling for random country effects and noise. By this, we contribute to the energy economic literature by providing a complete picture of the level of persistent, transient, and total energy efficiency estimates from a cross country perspective for a panel of 48 BRI countries during the period 1990–2015. Adding that there is little evidence to support energy efficiency convergence in the energy economic literature, we went further to check whether energy efficiency converges in the BRI countries. The results show that (1) persistent efficiencies are much lower than transient efficiencies, suggesting that the energy problem in the BRI countries is more of a structural issue; (2) while energy efficiency varies widely across the countries, high-income countries perform better than the lower-income countries; (3) there is evidence of efficiency convergence and it accelerates when trade increases, but decreases when the industrial sector increases. Based on these findings, we propose some policy implications.

This work aims to contribute to the existing literature by investigating at the impact of financial development on ecological footprint. To achieve this goal, we have employed Driscoll-Kraay panel regression model for a panel of 59 Belt and Road countries in the period from 1990 to 2016. The findings suggest that financial development increases ecological footprint. Moreover, economic growth, energy consumption, foreign direct investment (FDI), and urbanization pollute the environment by increasing ecological footprint. In addition, several diagnostic tests have been applied to confirm the reliability and validity of the results. From the outcome of the study, various policy implications have been proposed for Belt and Road countries to minimize the ecological footprint.

In order to achieve the goal of sustainable green economic development, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the efficiency of the green economy and compare it with emission reductions. The green economy idea is a much-discussed solution to economic growth. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of government spending on the performance of the green economy of various countries under the \"Belt and Road\" (BRI) initiative project. The data were analyzed using the BRI economy panel data from 2008 to 2018. The generalized method of moments (GMM) was used to estimate the effect of government expenditures on education and research and development (R&D) on green economic performance index (GEE) in BRI countries. The results reveal that during the study period, BRI countries have experienced an upward transition towards green development, except for Pakistan and Bangladesh; their GEE decreased gradually from 2010 to 2018. Further, the findings of the system GMM revealed that both education and R&D have a positive impact on the green economy. Moreover, the compositional and technological effects of the overall sample were verified with the GMM process. Nevertheless, the sub-sample results revealed a heterogeneous impact on countries with a high per capita GDP. Following the results, useful policy measures for promoting sustainable green economic development have been proposed.

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is one of the largest infrastructure projects in the world, accounting for more than 30% of global GDP and 60% of world population. The economic growth of BRI member countries can be improved significantly, attributable to the successfulness of the infrastructure projects. The increased economic growth indirectly leads to higher energy consumption and environmental damage. In response to this, the BRI established a new concept and version of the project, namely green BRI. Thus, this study aims to examine if green finance plays a significant role in mitigating environmental degradation in the BRI region. Utilising a Generalised Method of Moments approach, we find green finance is negatively and significantly correlated with environmental degradation, suggesting green finance play an essential role to reduce the deterioration of environmental quality, while enhancing economic growth at the same time. In conclusion, BRI member states should continue promoting green finance by implementing incentive schemes, such as subsidising interest rates for the green loan, reducing corporate tax and establishing green credit guarantee scheme. Besides, in order simultaneously enhance economic growth, promote sustainability and achieve the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, both governments and private sector should work hand in hand to promote green transformation of BRI.

HOW DOES CHINA’S SOFT POWER WORK? THE CASE OF THE CHINA-PAKISTAN ECONOMIC CORRIDOR Announced in 2013, the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a multidimensional infrastructure project that has the potential to transform the Pakistani state and society. Under the CPEC umbrella, Beijing has expanded to an unprecedented extent own portfolio of soft power instruments vis-a-vis its “all-weather friend”, Pakistan. This article aims to analyze the potential of CPEC as a rich resource of China’s soft power. In the theoretical dimension, the paper juxtaposes Joseph Nye’s original conceptualization of soft power with selected literature on China’s soft power and Beijing’s practice. Empirically, the article first highlights the numerous soft power instruments deployed under the CPEC umbrella or related to this project. Second, this article outlines how the Pakistani government and society perceive China, CPEC and, where possible, specific instruments of China’s soft power. This case study draws attention to the nonmaterial aspects of China’s infrastructure projects that are often neglected. Thus, this study helps better understand this country’s growing importance in South Asia and beyond.

This study aims to analyze the impact of financial development, foreign direct investment, economic growth, electricity consumption, and trade openness on environmental quality for a panel of 59 Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) countries, over the period of 1980–2016. The presence of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis is investigated. The cross-sectional augmented Dickey-Fuller (CADF) and cross-sectional Im, Pesaran, and Shin panel unit root test; the Westerlund cointegration test, the dynamic seemingly unrelated regression (DSUR) approach; and the Dumitrescu and Hurlin (Econ Model 29:1450–1460, 2012) panel causality approach are employed. It is found that the analyzed variables are stationary at first differences and are cointegrated. It is also found that an increase in financial development, foreign direct investment, and trade openness enhance environmental quality, while the increase in economic growth and electricity consumption degrade environmental quality. The presence of the EKC hypothesis for the selected panel countries is validated. Furthermore, the Dumitrescu-Hurlin (DH) panel causality test result confirmed the presence of bidirectional causality among economic growth, foreign direct investment, financial development, electricity consumption, and trade openness with environmental quality.

Abstract This study examines how academic publications in China have interpreted the U.S. impact on Sino-Latin American relations between 2009 and 2024. This period encompasses three different U.S. presidents: Barack Obama, Donald Trump (first presidency), and Joe Biden. The findings indicate that, strikingly, distrust toward the U.S. was already present well before U.S.-China tensions erupted during Trump’s presidency, and that publications consulted perceived this administration as a strategic opportunity for China to expand its presence in the region. Under Biden, distrust toward the United States remained, and his presidency was not seen as much of a strategic opportunity. The study also highlights the consistent recommendation among Chinese scholars for Beijing to adopt a conciliatory approach toward Washington.

Under President Xi Jinping’s leadership, Chinese foreign relations have moved from keeping a low profile, to a more assertive bid for international leadership that is beginning to take form in the ‘belt and road initiative’ (BRI). This initiative focuses on connectivity in policy coordination, facilities, trade, finance and peopleto-people relations, in order to connect China to key parts of Asia, the south Pacific, east Africa and Europe. Networked capitalism and the national unit, which are often seen as spatial opposites in the global political economy, are both exercised through the BRI in mutually supporting ways. Networked capitalism is not challenging the national spatial unit, nor vice versa. Rather, they conglomerate to reinforce Chinese government narratives which portray China as the new trailblazer of global capitalism—thus illustrating and justifying a new Sinocentric order in east Asia. Likely winners of this constellation, if it is successful, are megalopolises in Eurasia, and most of all the Chinese Communist Party. Likely losers are countries that are not included in the BRI, most notably the United States. In a context where President Donald Trump is signalling a more protectionist stance and the United States is withdrawing from free trade pacts like the Trans-Pacific Partnership, Trump may ironically enable Xi’s dream of making China great again.