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"BRIEF REPORTS AND COMMENTARY"
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A Nationwide Spatiotemporal Analysis of Syphilis Over 21 Years and Implications for Prevention and Control in China
Syphilis control programs have been scaled up due to the substantial burden in China. We analyzed syphilis incidence according to demographic, spatiotemporal, and economic factors. The increasing latent syphilis diagnoses and declining congenital syphilis suggest the effectiveness of scale-up screening. However, primary and secondary cases persist, especially in inland provinces.
Journal Article
Preemptive Tecovirimat Use in an Active Duty Service Member Who Presented With Acute Myeloid Leukemia After Smallpox Vaccination
Smallpox vaccine is contraindicated in immunosuppression due to increased risk for adverse reactions (eg, progressive vaccinia). We describe the first-ever use of tecovirimat as a preemptive vaccinia virus treatment strategy during induction chemotherapy in an active duty service member who presented with acute leukemia and inadvertent autoinoculation after smallpox vaccination.
Journal Article
Effect of Cannabis Use on Human Immunodeficiency Virus DNA During Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy
Cannabis use is frequent among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and is associated with reduced systemic inflammation. We observed a faster HIV DNA decay during antiretroviral therapy among cannabis users, compared to those with no drug use. No cannabis effect was observed on cellular HIV RNA transcription.
Journal Article
Decreased Tenofovir Diphosphate Concentrations in a Transgender Female Cohort
Feminizing hormone therapy (FHT) may interact with human immunodeficiency virus preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP). We found that transgender women who took FHT exhibited a 7-fold lower rectal tissue ratio of PrEP’s active metabolites vs competing deoxynucleotides compared to cisgender women and men (P = .03) that inversely correlated with estradiol (ρ = −0.79; P < .05). Thus, FHT may negatively impact PrEP efficacy.
Journal Article
Ending the Epidemic in America Will Not Happen if the Status Quo Continues
We estimated 10-year (2020–2030) trajectories for human immunodeficiency virus incidence in 6 US cities. Estimated incidence will only decrease in 2 of 6 cities, with the overall population-weighted incidence decreasing 3.1% (95% credible interval [CrI], −1.0% to 8.5%) by 2025, and 4.3% (95% CrI, −2.6% to 12.7%) by 2030 across cities. Targeted, context-specific combination implementation strategies will be necessary to meet the newly established national targets.
Journal Article
A Rationale for Change
Increasing numbers of cases of invasive pneumococcal disease in fully vaccinated children have occurred in Australia since 2013. A review of cases informed a change from a “3 + 0” infant schedule (13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine at 2, 4, and 6 months) to a “2 + 1” schedule (2, 4, and 12 months).
Journal Article
Changes in Bone Mass After Discontinuation of Preexposure Prophylaxis With Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate/Emtricitabine in Young Men Who Have Sex With Men
Human immunodeficiency virus–seronegative men aged 15–22 years who lost bone mineral density (BMD) during tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) showed BMD recovery 48 weeks following PrEP discontinuation. Lumbar spine and whole body BMD z-scores remained below baseline 48 weeks off PrEP in participants aged 15–19 years.
Journal Article
Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome as a Posttransplantation Complication in Primary Immunodeficiency With Disseminated Mycobacterium avium
Patients with primary immunodeficiencies undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) for difficult-to-control infections can experience immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) following engraftment. In 3 patients with post-HCT IRIS related to mycobacterial infection, in vitro data demonstrate the emergence of pathogen-specific immune responses and a concomitant rise in plasma inflammatory markers.
Journal Article
Fatal Yellow Fever in a Kidney Transplant Patient
A kidney-transplanted patient, unvaccinated against yellow fever (YF), developed high fever, progressed rapidly to hepatic insufficiency and coma, and died 8 days later. Real-time polymarase chain reaction for YF virus collected on the seventh day of symptoms was positive. Autopsy showed disseminated infection and midzonal hepatitis with apoptotic hepatocytes and minimal inflammatory reaction.
Journal Article