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El objetivo principal del presente estudio de caso fue caracterizar a las empresas de los estudiantes y egresados de la Universidad EAN que transversaliza el tema de emprendimiento en su currículo. Se logró censar 346 empresas, de forma presencial y virtual, de los estudiantes y egresados que afirmaron tener empresa propia o de sus padres. Se les preguntó sobre los datos de la empresa, el uso de tecnología, el acceso al sistema financiero, el nivel de formación de sus recursos humanos, el acceso a mercados, el nivel de asociatividad de las empresas y la innovación empresarial. Los resultados señalan que el mayor porcentaje de las empresas censadas tienen menos de 10 empleados y se concentran principalmente en el sector de servicios, un bajo porcentaje exporta y tienen un limitado acceso al sistema financiero. En promedio las empresas contratan tanto a técnicos como a profesionales por igual, un bajo porcentaje forman parte de clústeres y un 28% cuentan con protocolo de familia. The main aim of this study is to characterize student and graduate enterprises of EAN University, an institution that has included the teaching of entrepreneurship in its curriculum. In this project, a total of 346 students and graduates who had an enterprise completed a questionnaire. They were asked about: use of technology, access to financing system, training level of its human resources, market access, level of association of their companies and business innovation. As a result, the highest percentage of companies surveyed were classified as micro enterprises with less of ten employees and concentrated mainly in the trade and service sectors. A low percentage exports, has limited access to finance system, employed technicians or graduates, a low percentage are engaged in networks, and 28% have a family protocol. O objetivo principal do presente estudo de caso foi caracterizar as empresas dos estudantes e graduados da Universidade EAN que transversaliza o empreendimento no seu currículo. Foi realizado um censo a 346 empresas, de forma presencial e virtual, dos estudantes e graduados que afirmaram possuir empresa própria ou dos seus pais. Foram-lhes solicitados os dados da empresa, o nível tecnológico, acesso ao sistema financeiro, nível de formação dos seus recursos humanos, acesso a mercados, nível de associativismos das empresas e inovação empresarial. Os resultados assinalam que a maior percentagem das empresas no censo têm menos de dez empregados e que se concentram principalmente no setor de serviços; além disso, uma baixa percentagem exporta e tem acesso limitado ao sistema financeiro. Em média empregam técnicos como profissionais, uma baixa percentagem pertence a clusters e cerca de 28% conta com protocolo de família.

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo aportar en la discusión sobre los factores asociados a la creación de empresas dinámicas o con potencial de crecimiento productivo, al analizar los factores relacionados a la empresarialidad con potencial de crecimiento tomando como estudio de caso, las empresas registradas en el censo empresarial de la Universidad EAN en el año 2013. Se realizó un análisis cuantitativo mediante el uso de un modelo logístico binomial para medir el nivel de asociación entre ciertas variables de control sustentadas en la teoría y la empresarialidad con potencial de crecimiento productivo. Entre los principales hallazgos se encontró que la antigüedad de la empresa, la pertenencia a redes empresariales y el desarrollar su actividad productiva en el sector de manufactura aumentan considerablemente la probabilidad de que una empresa tenga potencial de crecimiento productivo.

Countries everywhere are divided into two distinct spatial realms: one urban, one rural. Classic models of development predict faster growth in the urban sector, causing rapid migration from rural areas to cities, lifting average incomes in both places. The process continues until the marginal productivity of labor is equalized across the two realms. The pattern of rising urbanization accompanying economic growth has become one of the most visible and self-evident empirical facts of development across the world, with almost 200,000 people making the rural-to-urban trek every day, according to the United Nations. Cities across the world are powering growth, development, and modernization. The study then takes a close look at Diepsloot, a large township in the Johannesburg Metropolitan Area, to bring out more vividly the economic realities and choices of township residents. Although atypical in many ways, by the virtue of being newer, poorer, and more informal, with a bigger concentration of migrants (many of them foreign nationals), than the historically established townships, Diepsloot also retains many of the economic characteristics of South African townships: Issues of joblessness, uneven access to basic public services, and overwhelming levels of crime and violence are almost as pervasive in Diepsloot as they are in other T&IS. At the same time, an emergent informal sector more visibly pervades the township than seen in the average township, which makes it a particularly useful place to study in order to develop an understanding of the kinds of economic activities that are feasible in townships. It focuses particularly on the nature of business activity in the township, the key investment-climate constraints faced by its firms, income and expenditure patterns across households, and some aggregative social and human indicators. In a first attempt of its kind for a township, the report also develops a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) of Diepsloot for a comprehensive and consistent picture of the place, including the circular flow of income within the township, the nature of its interaction with the rest of the South African economy, and a simple multiplier analysis of its economy.

This paper empirically assesses the incidence and efficiency of Round I of the federal urban Empowerment Zone (EZ) program using confidential microdata from the Decennial Census and the Longitudinal Business Database. Using rejected and future applicants to the EZ program as controls, we find that EZ designation substantially increased employment in zone neighborhoods and generated wage increases for local workers without corresponding increases in population or the local cost of living. The results suggest the efficiency costs of first Round EZs were relatively modest.

A national population census is instrumental in offering a holistic view of a country’s progress, directly influencing policy formulation and strategic planning. Potential flaws in the census system can have detrimental impacts on national development. Our prior research has pinpointed various deficiencies in current census methodologies, including inadequate population coverage, racial and ethnic discrimination, and challenges related to data privacy, security, and distribution. This study aims to address the “missing persons” challenge in the national census population and housing system. The integration of blockchain technology emerges as a promising solution for addressing these identified issues, enhancing the integrity and efficacy of census processes. Building upon our earlier research which examined the national census system of Pakistan, we propose an architecture design incorporating Hyperledger Fabric, performing system sizing for the entire nation count. The Blockchain-Based Implementation of National Census as a Supplementary Instrument for Enhanced Transparency, Accountability, Privacy, and Security (BINC-TAPS) seeks to provide a robust, transparent, scalable, immutable, and tamper-proof solution for conducting national population and housing censuses, while also fostering socio-economic advancements. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of our research, with a primary focus on the implementation of the blockchain-based proposed solution, including prototype testing and the resulting outcomes.

Nearly one billion people worldwide live in rural areas without access to national paved road networks. We estimate the impacts of India’s $40 billion national rural road construction program using a fuzzy regression discontinuity design and comprehensive household and firm census microdata. Four years after road construction, the main effect of new feeder roads is to facilitate the movement of workers out of agriculture. However, there are no major changes in agricultural outcomes, income, or assets. Employment in village firms expands only slightly. Even with better market connections, remote areas may continue to lack economic opportunities.

In an experiment on Airbnb, we find that applications from guests with distinctively African American names are 16 percent less likely to be accepted relative to identical guests with distinctively white names. Discrimination occurs among landlords of all sizes, including small landlords sharing the property and larger landlords with multiple properties. It is most pronounced among hosts who have never had an African American guest, suggesting only a subset of hosts discriminate. While rental markets have achieved significant reductions in discrimination in recent decades, our results suggest that Airbnb's current design choices facilitate discrimination and raise the possibility of erasing some of these civil rights gains.

Using confidential establishment-level data from the US Census Bureau’s Longitudinal Business Database, this paper documents how local shocks propagate across US regions through firms’ internal networks of establishments. Consistent with a model of optimal within-firm resource allocation, we find that establishment-level employment is sensitive to shocks in distant regions in which the establishment’s parent firm is operating, and that the elasticity with respect to such shocks increases with the firm’s financial constraint. At the aggregate regional level, we find that aggregate county-level employment is sensitive to shocks in distant counties linked through firms’ internal networks.

Do natural resources benefit producer economies, or is there a “Natural Resource Curse”, perhaps as the crowd-out of manufacturing productivity spillovers reduces long-term growth? We combine new data on oil and gas endowments with Census of Manufactures microdata to estimate how oil and gas booms affect local economies in the U.S. Local wages rise during oil and gas booms, but manufacturing is not crowded out—in fact, the sector grows overall, driven by upstream and locally-traded subsectors. Tradable manufacturing subsectors do contract during resource booms, but their productivity is unaffected, so there is no evidence of foregone local learning-by-doing effects. Over the full 1969–2014 sample, a county with one standard deviation additional oil and gas endowment averaged about 1% higher real wages. Overall, the results provide evidence against a Natural Resource Curse within the U.S.