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The ability of bacterial isolates viz., Enterococcus cloacae and mixed bacterial isolates, to degrade plastic was studied. The bacteria were isolated from waste effluent sites viz., industrial waste sites of Nilon’s pickle factory, Dalgaon and market waste sites of Balugaon vegetable market, Kharupetia, Assam. Plastic degradation was carried out at different time intervals within 15 and 30 days. It was observed that degradation increased with an increase in the time interval and hence effective observation was recovered after 30 days interval. Polythene bags showed maximum degradation by Enterococcus cloacae (85.25%). Plastic degradation was observed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). In biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbon, Enterococcus cloacae, Pseudomonas putidia and Ralstonia pickettii were found to degrade oil as well as they were able to grow in presence of petroleum hydrocarbons.

Objective: To establish the frequency of emerging pathogens and their susceptibility profiles amongst various healthcare-associated infections. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Combined Military Hospital, Lahore Pakistan, from Jan to Dec 2020. Methodology: One hundred and ninety-six samples with a history of hospital-acquired infections were received and processed following standard microbiological techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done by the Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion technique for the commonly used antibiotics. For colistin susceptibility, the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute recommends broth microdilution, colistin broth disk elution, or colistin agar testing MIC methods, however, colistin susceptibility was performed by the E-strip method. Results: One hundred and ninety-six clinical samples with bacterial isolates causing healthcare-associated infections were processed. Specimens were from patients with surgical site infections (59,30.1%), Catheter-associated bloodstream infection (52, 26.5%); Ventilator-associated pneumonia (48, 24.5%) and Urinary tract infection (37,18.9%). Klebsiella pneumoniae (64, 32.7%), E.coli (51, 26%) and Acinetobacter baumanii (45,23%) were the leading bacterial pathogens. A total of 72(36.7%) isolates showed multidrug resistance whereas extensively drug-resistant isolates were calculated to be 124(63.3%). Conclusion: High level of bacterial resistance amongst common health-care-associated infections is an eye-opener and impacts applying strict infection control measures along with antimicrobial stewardship. It will also help clinicians modify empiric treatment regimes in affected patients.

Toxins produced from bacteria constitute promising antitumor agents in treating different cancer types. Exotoxin A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the highly toxic virulence component that bind to specific cell receptors. This study aimed to purify Exotoxin A from clinically isolated Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A total of 150 bacterial isolates were taken from clinical samples (burn and wounds) and were screened on selective media and identified as P. aeruginosa using biochemical analysis and molecular test by PCR amplification technique utilizing specific primer 16srRNA. Exotoxin A produced from P. aeruginosa were screened and purified by two steps that include gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. In this study, 68 isolates were characterized as P. aeruginosa, furthermore, real-time PCR proved that these isolates revealed 100% specificity, sensitivity and had positive amplified bands with a size of 249bp. The concentration of Exotoxin A extracted from P. aeruginosa using Trypticase soy broth was 18 Mg/ml. The percent of Purification and recovery for Exotoxin A was 21.4 %, 40% respectively. Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa have the potential to produce Exotoxin A that is responsible for pathogenicity.

The study was conducted to investigate the presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in guava, sold in the local markets of Patna. A total of twenty five fresh samples of guava were collected from five different market places in Patna city. Several microbiological tests were performed to assess the growth and type of bacteria. The colonies were isolated and identified as isolate 1 and 3 (identical to Staphylococcus spp.), isolate 2 (identical to Escherichia spp.) and isolate 4 and 5 (identical to Bacillus spp.) based on their cultural, morphological, Gram's staining and biochemical characteristics. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted to detect their actual resistance capability. In the present study, S1 and S3 were found resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ofloxacin and intermediate to gentamycin while S2 was found resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, cephalexin and intermediate to ofloxacin. The isolates S4 and S5 were found sensitive to gentamycin, intermediate to chloramphenicol and resistant to ciprofloxacin. Results of this study showed that the guava samples obtained from different markets of Patna possess multidrug resistant bacteria.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the epidemiology of microbiologically documented bacterial infection and the resistance pattern, among cancer patients undergoing treatment at RGCIRC, Delhi. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective observational study in which culture reports obtained over 1 year in 2013, were analyzed. RESULTS: 13329 cultures were obtained over 1 year in 2013 and were analyzed. 23.6 % samples showed positive culture with majority being gram negative isolates (67.9 %). E. coli was the commonest gram negative isolate (49.4%) followed by klebsella (29.7%) and Staph. aureus was the commonest gram positive isolate. There was high incidence of ESBL in blood and urine (87.2% & 88.5%) and BLBLI were also high (78% & 83.9%). Carbapenem resistance was comparatively low (10%) and colistin sensitivity was quiet high (> 95%). CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of MRSA and VRE in our institute is very less, whereas prevalence of ESBLs and BLBLI isolates amongst gram negative infections is around 80%. Gram negative isolates had poor sensitivity to cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones.

Background Antimicrobial resistance is one of the common global public health problems. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance is multifactorial, and tackling its development is challenging. Consequently, infections caused by resistant bacteria are unresponsive to conventional drugs, resulting in prolonged and severe illnesses, higher mortality rates, and considerable healthcare costs. Therefore, understanding the antimicrobial resistance profiles of bacterial pathogens is essential to optimize treatments and reduce the risks associated with infections. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacterial isolates from different clinical specimens at the Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI). Materials and methods The retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on the bacterial culture and antibiotic susceptibility reports of different clinical specimens referred to the Bacteriology Laboratory of EPHI from September 2015 to August 2019. Standard bacteriological techniques were used for the isolation and identification of the bacteria. Data were extracted from 840 patients’ records, which included the type of clinical sample cultured, the name of the bacteria, the representations of the antibiotics used for susceptibility testing, and the susceptibility results. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the bacterial isolates and the antimicrobial resistance profiles. Results Eight types of clinical specimens were analyzed for bacterial isolates and urine specimens were the most analyzed. Ten different genera of bacteria were identified by culture. Almost all the isolates were gram-negative bacteria, while only one species of gram-positive ( Staphylococcus aureus ) was reported. Antibiotic sensitivity patterns were tested on 840 culture isolates. Escherichia coli strains revealed more than 57% resistance to seventeen antibiotics. Klebsiella pneumoniae showed nearly 70% or greater resistance rates for 17 of the antibiotics used. The overall detected multidrug resistance (MDR) was 64.29%. The highest MDR was reported in Acinetobacter strains (84%) followed by K. pneumoniae (80%). Conclusions The multidrug resistance rates found in this study were alarming. Strengthening antimicrobial resistance surveillance at the national level is mandatory, and antimicrobial sensitivity testing should be accessible at local diagnostic centers.

This study aimed to assess the role of paternal genetics in the development of diabetic mellitus (DM) and determine the impact of DM on the urinary system by investigating the percentage of patients with urinary tract infection (UTI). The study included 100 people with DM; their ages ranged from 5 to 83 years. The DM and blood sugar levels were diagnosed clinically and at a laboratory in Al-Zahra Teaching Hospital and the outpatient clinics. The age, gender, and causes of DM and the family history of diabetes were reported. Isolation and identification of bacterial species were made depending on culture media and biochemical tests. The average age of patients was 47.7±5.5, and most of them were female (67%). The incidence of DM increased with age, and the main cause of DM was likely to be a genetic predisposition (family history), where 32% of patients appeared to have a positive family history and the presence of DM in both parents or only the mother had a significant role in increasing the genetic predisposition of developing DM. Among the non-genetic causes of DM, the most common was exposure to sudden psychological or nervous shock (41%). Obesity also had an important role in the development of diabetes, and also pregnancy and smoking. Moreover, 66% of patients with type 2 DM and all with type 1 DM suffered from UTIs. The main causative agents were E. coli (60%) and Proteus spp . (13%). The majority of patients suffering from UTIs (73%) were females. In conclusion, type 2 DM is the most common, especially in females, and increases with age. The main cause of DM was family genetic predisposition and sudden shocks. The current study also showed that most diabetic patients suffered from UTIs, especially females, and the main causes of UTI inflammation are E. coli isolates.

Microorganisms isolated from various traditionally fermented food products prepared in households without commercial starter cultures are designated as natural isolates. In addition, this term is also used for microorganisms collected from various natural habitats or products (silage, soil, manure, plant and animal material, etc.) that do not contain any commercial starters or bacterial formulations. They are characterized by unique traits that are the result of the selective pressure of environmental conditions, as well as interactions with other organisms. The synthesis of antimicrobial molecules, including bacteriocins, is an evolutionary advantage and an adaptive feature that sets them apart from other microorganisms from a common environment. This review aims to underline the knowledge of bacteriocins produced by natural isolates, with a particular emphasis on the most common location of their genes and operons, plasmids, and the importance of the relationship between the plasmidome and the adaptive potential of the isolate. Applications of bacteriocins, ranging from natural food preservatives to supplements and drugs in pharmacology and medicine, will also be addressed. The latest challenges faced by researchers in isolating new natural isolates with desired characteristics will be discussed, as well as the production of new antimicrobials, nearly one century since the first discovery of colicins in 1925.Key points• Natural bacterial isolates harbor unique properties shaped by diverse interactions.• Horizontal gene transfer enables constant engineering of new antimicrobials.• Fermented food products are important source of bacteriocin-producing natural isolates.

The present study aimed to evaluate the microplastic degradation efficiency of bacterial isolates collected from Vaigai River, Madurai, India. The isolates were processed with proper methods and incorporated in to the UV-treated polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) degradation. Based on preliminary screening, four bacterial isolates such as Bacillus sp. (BS-1), Bacillus cereus (BC), Bacillus sp. (BS-2), and Bacillus paramycoides (BP) were proceed to further degradation experiment for 21 days. The microplastics were filled with bacterial isolates which is use microplastic (PE, PP) as carbon source for their growth and proceed for shake flask experiment were carried out by two approaches with control. The microplastic degradation was confirmed through their weight loss, increasing fragmentations and changes of surface area against control experiments (microplastic without isolates) also confirms degrading efficiency of isolated bacterial strains through non-changes in their weight and surface area. The highest degradation of PP and PE were observed in BP (78.99 ± 0.005%), and BC (63.08 ± 0.009%) in single approach, while in combined approach BC & BP recorded the highest degradation in both PP (78.62 ± 2.16%), and PE (72.50 ± 20.53%). The formation of new functional groups is confirming the biofilm formation in the surface area of microplastics by isolates and proving their efficiency in degrade the microplastics. The degradation of microplastic experiments should be cost effective and zero waste which is helpful to save the environment and the present findings could reveal the way to degrade the microplastics and prevent the microplastic pollution in aquatic environment.

Wound infections caused by bacterial pathogens remain a major health concern, often delaying tissue repair and increasing morbidity. This study evaluated the phytochemical composition and antibacterial activity of methanolic leaf extracts from Aloe vera, Lawsonia inermis, Azadirachta indica, Curcuma longa, and Achyranthes aspera as potential natural alternatives for managing wound-associated infections. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolics, saponins, and steroids in all extracts, with L. inermis and C. longa showing particularly high levels of phenolics, tannins, and flavonoids, while A. Indica exhibited abundant alkaloids and saponins. From 123 wound samples, six bacterial species were isolated: Staphylococcus aureus (38; 30.9%), Streptococcus agalactiae (17; 13.8%), Proteus mirabilis (22; 17.9%), Escherichia coli (18; 14.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15; 12.2%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (13; 10.6%). Antibacterial activity assessed using the agar well diffusion method showed that A. indica produced the highest inhibition zones (12.5 ± 0.5 mm to 20.4 ± 0.9 mm), followed by C. longa (11.6 ± 0.5 mm to 19.2 ± 0.7 mm). The positive control, ciprofloxacin (10 μg), exhibited inhibition zones ranging from 20.8 ± 0.5 mm to 26.1 ± 0.4 mm, whereas the negative control (10% DMSO) produced no inhibition. The observed antibacterial activity is likely due to the synergistic effects of bioactive phytochemicals, which disrupt bacterial cell membranes and inhibit bacterial growth. These findings indicate that A. indica and C. longa possess strong antibacterial potential and may serve as promising natural agents for managing wound infections caused by clinically relevant pathogens. Further in vivo and toxicity studies are recommended to validate their therapeutic applicability.