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One plastic bag : Isatou Ceesay and the recycling women of the Gambia
Introduces the efforts of a woman in the Gambia who found a way to recycle the hundreds of discarded plastic bags that littered her community.
Book
IROA: International Register of Open Abdomen, preliminary results
Background
No definitive data about open abdomen (OA) epidemiology and outcomes exist. The World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) and the Panamerican Trauma Society (PTS) promoted the International Register of Open Abdomen (IROA).
Methods
A prospective observational cohort study including patients with an OA treatment. Data were recorded on a web platform (Clinical Registers®) through a dedicated website:
www.clinicalregisters.org
.
Results
Four hundred two patients enrolled. Adult patients: 369 patients; Mean age: 57.39±18.37; 56% male. OA indication: Peritonitis (48.7%), Trauma (20.5%), Vascular Emergencies/Hemorrhage (9.4%), Ischemia (9.1%), Pancreatitis (4.2%),Post-operative abdominal-compartment-syndrome (3.9%), Others (4.2%). The most adopted Temporary-abdominal-closure systems were the commercial negative pressure ones (44.2%). During OA 38% of patients had complications; among them 10.5% had fistula. Definitive closure: 82.8%; Mortality during treatment: 17.2%. Mean duration of OA: 5.39(±4.83) days; Mean number of dressing changes: 0.88(±0.88). After-closure complications: (49.5%) and Mortality: (9%). No significant associations among TACT, indications, mortality, complications and fistula. A linear correlationexists between days of OA and complications (Pearson linear correlation = 0.326
p
<0.0001) and with the fistula development (Pearson = 0.146
p
= 0.016).
Pediatric patients: 33 patients. Mean age: 5.91±(3.68) years; 60% male. Mortality: 3.4%; Complications: 44.8%; Fistula: 3.4%. Mean duration of OA: 3.22(±3.09) days.
Conclusion
Temporary abdominal closure is reliable and safe. The different techniques account for different results according to the different indications. In peritonitis commercial negative pressure temporary closure seems to improve results. In trauma skin-closure and Bogotà-bag seem to improve results.
Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT02382770
Journal Article
Litter decomposition
Aims
We examined the importance of litter quality and microclimate on early-stage litter mass loss, analysed the importance of interactions among environmental factors in determining key decomposition parameters and compared the variation in decomposition rates in vegetation types and sites with similar climate.
Methods
Following the Tea-Bag Index approach, 464 tea-bags were incubated in the soil in 79 sites, distributed across Italy, which included six vegetation types and a broad range of microclimatic conditions.
Results
Litter type exerted a stronger control on mass loss compared to climatic factors. The effects of soil moisture were not the same for high and lower quality litter. In addition, the effects of temperature on the decomposition rate depended on soil moisture. The stabilization factor was strongly temperature-dependent, but the influence of temperature differed among vegetation types: those dominated by small-size plants showed a strong decrease in the potential amount of plant material entering into the soil stock under warmer temperatures. The lowest variation in decomposition rate was found in sites characterised by low temperatures, and, among the vegetation types, in alpine snowbeds.
Conclusions
The role of litter quality and of the interactions among environmental conditions can potentially determine significant shifts in the expected patterns of ecosystem carbon fluxes.
Journal Article
Dead bag syndrome-in the capsular bag subluxated intraocular lens centration and refixation: A new technique
We describe a technique of scleral IOL fixation and optic centration of in the capsular bag subluxated IOL in a patient of \"dead bag syndrome.\" A 29-year-old male diagnosed case of thalassemia presented with painless progressive diminution of vision in the left eye following uncomplicated sequential phacoemulsification in both eyes 15 years back. The right eye revealed completely centered IOL with significant amount of anterior capsular opacification (ACO), while the left eye revealed inferior subluxation of the IOL within capsular bag. The capsular bag was dilated, diaphanous with clear anterior and posterior capsule without any evidence of capsular fibrosis or opacification. Thus, a diagnosis of \"dead bag syndrome\" was made. The haptics were sutured to sclera (Hoffman's pockets) using two loops of 9-0 polypropylene, passed anterior and posterior to IOL haptics within the capsular bag. Postoperatively, the patient had a vision of 20/40 with a centered intraocular lens.
Journal Article
The Effect of Five Types of Storage Bags on the Infestation of Wheat and Barley Grains with khapra Beetle Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera : Dermestidae)
Six types of packing bags with two thicknesses (15 and 25) micron were prepared, and then 10 grams of sterilized, sound wheat seed, free of any previous insect infestation, was added to each bag of (polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, cellophane and Canvas.) with two thickness (15 and 25) microns. Then the bags were completely sealed. The experiment was carried out using three replicates for each treatment, and all the bags were placed inside a three-dimensional glass box (50 x 59 x 80 cm). The top of the box was covered with a piece of tulle cloth, and then 50 pairs of Khapra beetle, Trogodrma granarium adults were released inside the aforementioned box space. The experiment was carried out by placing the box inside the laboratory at a temperature (28-35) and 45-55 % relative humidity in order to be able to penetrate the larvae and adults of Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium . After more than 30 days after the appearance of the first generation individuals, penetration was evaluated by studying the number of larvae and adults penetrating the bags and the percentage of loss in seed weight inside the bags. The results of the study showed that Canvas, cloth, and cellophane bags were the worst types of bags due to their ease of penetration by insects, while it became clear that the most resistant types to insect penetration were both P.V.C, Polyvinyl chloride and P.P, Polypropylene storage bags.
Journal Article
Raising the awareness for insufficient oxygen delivery from self-inflating resuscitation bags lacking expiratory valve during preoxygenation
We recently read an interesting study which demonstrated that self-inflating resuscitation bag (SIRB) lacking expiratory valve has unreliable performance in oxygen delivery during spontaneous breathing mimicked by mechanical lung simulator. It was postulated that the absence of an expiratory valve and the resulting air entrainment via the exhaust port accounts for the poor oxygen delivery performance. The current disposable SIRB in-use in our institutions (Med-Rescuer Disposable BVM Resuscitator 4000, BLS Systems Limited, ON, Canada) has a duckbill valve but no expiratory valve. Safety concerns regarding its oxygen delivery performance during spontaneous breathing were raised, as this SIRB was commonly used to preoxygenate critically ill patient with potentially transmissible respiratory infection (e.g. COVID-19) before tracheal intubation. We therefore performed an experiment on this SIRB using one of us as a healthy volunteer. Our small experiment demonstrated that air entrainment could occur via the exhaust port and affect oxygen delivery performance. Our experiment also demonstrated that attaching a positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) valve to the exhaust port improves the oxygen delivery performance. The findings of this experiment were sent to the relevant department of our institutions for safety consideration.
Journal Article
LCA and Emergy Approach to Evaluate the Environmental Performance of Plastic Bags from Fossil and Renewable Sources with the Function of Conditioning MSW
This study aimed to compare the environmental performance of plastic bags made of three different polymers, considering two product functions: carrying goods and packing municipal solid waste. The three polymers studied were HDPE, LDPE, and thermoplastic starch (TPS). Life cycle assessment and emergy accounting were used to evaluate the environmental performance of each scenario in analysis. To develop this research, eight scenarios were created to represent the customs of use and consumption in the Brazilian population. The LCA results showed that, in general, the scenarios with HDPE plastic bags presented the best environmental performances, while those with TPS presented the worst. The processes that contributed most to these results, representing 70% or more of the environmental impact in each impact category, are related to the use of raw materials, electricity, and water for the manufacture of plastic bags and the treatment in landfills. In other words, the fact that TPS has a mass around six times greater than that of HDPE and two times greater than that of LDPE ends up leaving this type of polymer with the worst environmental performance. In the comparative analysis of scenarios for the same polymer, scenarios that involve the use and reuse of plastic bags present the lowest potential environmental impacts. In contrast, those related to the use and disposal in landfills present the highest possible environmental impacts. The results of emergy accounting showed that the HDPE scenarios had the lowest total emergy flow, ranging from 1.77 × 1013 seJ to 2.40 × 1013 seJ. In contrast, the LDPE scenarios had the highest total emergy flow, ranging from 1.15 × 1014 to 1.21 × 1014 seJ. Although LDPE had the highest total emergy flow values, these results are similar to those obtained by the fossil resource scarcity impact category, which focuses on resource consumption analysis. Thus, through a real approach to the use of plastic bags and solid waste management in the Brazilian context, this study brings essential insights to direct public policies related to the consumption of plastic bags.
Journal Article
From BoW to CNN: Two Decades of Texture Representation for Texture Classification
Texture is a fundamental characteristic of many types of images, and texture representation is one of the essential and challenging problems in computer vision and pattern recognition which has attracted extensive research attention over several decades. Since 2000, texture representations based on Bag of Words and on Convolutional Neural Networks have been extensively studied with impressive performance. Given this period of remarkable evolution, this paper aims to present a comprehensive survey of advances in texture representation over the last two decades. More than 250 major publications are cited in this survey covering different aspects of the research, including benchmark datasets and state of the art results. In retrospect of what has been achieved so far, the survey discusses open challenges and directions for future research.
Journal Article
Textual Analysis in Accounting and Finance: A Survey
Relative to quantitative methods traditionally used in accounting and finance, textual analysis is substantially less precise. Thus, understanding the art is of equal importance to understanding the science. In this survey, we describe the nuances of the method and, as users of textual analysis, some of the tripwires in implementation. We also review the contemporary textual analysis literature and highlight areas of future research.
Journal Article