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The collection of delinquent fines is a vast and ongoing public administration challenge. In the United Kingdom, unpaid fines amount to more than 500 million pounds. Managing noncompliant accounts and dispatching bailiffs to collect fines in person is costly. This paper reports the results of a large randomized controlled trial, led by the UK Cabinet Offices Behavioural Insights Team, which was designed to test the effectiveness of mobile phone text messaging as an alternative method of inducing people to pay their outstanding fines. An adaptive trial design was used, first to test the effectiveness of text messaging against no treatment and then to test the relative effectiveness of alternative messages. Text messages, which are relatively inexpensive, are found to significantly increase average payment of delinquent fines. We found text messages to be especially effective when they address the recipient by name.

Purpose The electronic judicial consists of applications supporting cases handling until the court makes a legal decision. The electronic judicial will not only include case administration but also be able to accommodate bailiff's services. At the beginning of Covid-19 pandemic, many bailiff's tasks had to be delayed due to the implementation of movement restrictions and lockdowns, thus hampering the execution process. The impact is that a buildup of cases cannot be completed. The purpose of this paper is to integrate the bailiff's service into the judicial digitalization services so that transparency and accountability in the electronic judicial can be achieved. Design/methodology/approach The method used is qualitative, with the data collected through in-depth interviews with bailiffs in court. Then it was analyzed through triangulation technique by doing literature studies, discussions and observations. Findings This study shows that the bailiff's service needs to be developed and integrated into the electronic judicial in Indonesia, which consists of a case tracking information system, e-court and electronic execution supervision. Originality/value This research focuses on bailiff services in Indonesia. The bailiff's assistance in Indonesia must be integrated with applications supporting e-court as electronic judicial in Indonesia. This integration will help solve the case faster in court.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the protection offered to parties, participants and third parties during enforcement, as one of the most important requirements of the enforcement procedure. Having in mind that bailiffs except for implementing enforcement, they are also competent to determine the means by which creditors’ claims will be fulfilled. The realization of the creditors’ claims does not mean use of any kind of measure or enforcement procedural activity. In this context the authors review ways in which debtors and their family members can be protected during enforcement actions, such as measures of exclusion and restriction of enforcement on the debtor’s items and income. Furthermore, the authors elaborate other legal and important ways for protection of parties, participants and third parties, such as opposition to illegality and complaints provided by the Law on Enforcement.In this regard, results of this research have shown that the RNM is making efforts to create a more effective enforcement system, which includes guarantees not only for the protection of the creditor and the debtor as a party, but also for the participants and third parties. From the enforcement experiences of citizens were reported dissatisfaction and complaints of citizens regarding the performance of bailiffs, namely taking the necessary means of subsistence form them. To avoid this situation Amendments on the Law on Enforcement in 2020 were brought, so the legal framework was clarified in terms of measures for exclusion and restriction of enforcement. This resulted in the prevention of economic damage of debtors and their family, because now no action can be taken if the debtor has an average salary or pension. Extraordinary legal remedies in enforcement proceeding are excluded, but there are other safeguards that are related to enforcement process but are not regulated by the Law on Enforcement.

Hidden deep in the countryside of France lay early modern Europe's largest bureaucracy: twenty- to thirty-thousand royal bailiwick and seigneurial courts that served more than eighty-five percent of the king's subjects. The crowncourts and lords' courts w

Not all taxpayers fulfill their tax obligations as they should. In order to safeguard the tax revenue, Indonesian government had to set some tax collection schemes, one of them was the Tax Collection by Force Letter (Penagihan Pajak dengan Surat Paksa/PSPP). Hence, the effectivity of this policy should be examined, since it was not a low-cost scheme in collecting the tax debt.Using qualitative research and a case study method at Surabaya Middle Tax Service Office (KPP Madya Surabaya), this research reviewed the data obtained in the form of legal products and the State Revenue Module in a time series basis period. Combined with interview with tax collection officers at KPP Madya Surabaya and best practices in other countries, this paper analysis the data gathered to come to a conclusion that the policy has to be reconsidered for continuing implementation, since it was not as effective as other tax collection method.

This article examines a simile preserved in the fragmentary book 5 of Cicero'sDe Re Publica, which figures the ideal statesman (rector rei publicae) in terms of a farm bailiff (vilicus) and a household steward (dispensator). Through a philological, philosophical, and socio-cultural explication of these similes and their context withinDe Re Publica, this article argues that Cicero draws upon Greek philosophical treatments of household and political relations and reworks traditional Roman political ideology so as to refigure the conceptual relationship between the statesman and the state: from the farmer ofres publicato its subservient, yet still overseeing, bailiff. By casting the ideal statesman in the decidedly servile role of a public bailiff, Cicero subordinates his statesman tores publica, yet also empowers him to act as its jurisprudential overseer, and this change marks a significant and perhaps strikingly original contribution to Roman political thought.

[...]I allow that in the search to identify Shakespeare's wife, Nicholas Rowe's 1709 unsourced indication that she was \"the daughter of one Hathaway\" helps tilt the evidentiary balance toward the \"Anne Hathwey\" in the bond for Shakespeare's marriage license and away from the \"Anne Whately\" in the clerk's entry for the license.3 The apocrypha require caution of the sort associated with journalistic standards of verification: no one piece of belated oral history is probative, but multiple sources of differing derivations can corroborate each other in ways that achieve some cogency. Anne's pregnancy was insufficient to account for it; before 1600, as many as thirty percent of brides went to the altar pregnant, and as long as church wedding was involved there was little social stigma. [...]the pregnancy may have been the convenient pretext for a marriage that was desired for a range of reasons, career change among them.

Economic development in preindustrial Europe largely relied on specialization and trade. The seafarers making shipping possible, however, faced inconvenient disruptions of income streams as they received most of their wages upon return only. While credit must consequently have played an important role in their daily lives, little is known about how it was used and secured. This paper analyzes lending by two shopkeepers to seafarers in eighteenth-century Amsterdam. It documents a large and formalized credit market and shows that a municipal official secured lending by withholding loan payments from seafarers' wages. Urban regulation thus helped solve frictions on credit markets.

The Czech Ministry of Justice is considering changing the regulation of enforcement agents. The enforcement agents are responsible for enforcing court orders by recovering money owed under court judgments. The position of enforcement agents differs according to various national legal frameworks. There are three basic concepts: public agent, private agent, and the middle situation. During the last 10 years, there has been a significant shift from the public to the private position in most European countries. Czech enforcement agents are entrepreneurs (private agents) with some elements of those in public positions. Two main concepts are discussed nowadays as possible changes. There are mandatory deposits from creditors and the concept of territoriality. These changes would have an impact on the market and its structure. The level of competition among different enforcement agents would be influenced negatively. There are significant differences among enforcement agents nowadays. There are less than 160 enforcement agents in the Czech Republic and this number fluctuates. Enforcement offices differ in size measured as the number of solved cases or the monetary value of solved cases.