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This article showcases the understudied institutional Army, the generating force, as a critical prerequisite for overall strategic success. Competition, crisis, and conflict require more than the manned, trained, and equipped units that deploy. This article analyzes six case studies of institutional Army reforms over 160 years to examine adaptation in peace and war. The conclusions provide historical insights to inform current practices and fulfill the Armys articulated 2022 Institutional Strategy.

This chapter presents Pershing’s letters, diary entries, and official correspondence written in October 1917. It pays close attention to his relationship with American, British, and French civilian and military commanders. He oversees training exercises for the operable divisions and reports his findings to his expanding staff as the American command accepts the responsibility of training the units of infantry and artillery throughout the Western Front.

This chapter presents Pershing’s letters, diary entries, and official correspondence written in November 1917. It pays close attention to his relationship with American, British, and French civilian and military commanders. He advises the U.S. War Department on the recommended movement of troops from England to France to serve on the Western front. It also examines how the Allied powers recuperate losses dealt to the Italians by the German forces. Finally, he contends with conflicting goals set by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson’s post-war idealism and the pressing requirements by military forces on the ground in Europe.

This chapter presents Pershing’s letters, diary entries, and official correspondence written in December 1917. It pays close attention to his relationship with American British, and French civilian and military commanders. Here he further expanded U.S. logistical management of the Allied war effort provided by the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe. Prominent issues include a sharpened friction between Pershing and French General Henri-Philippe Pétain until their late December meeting. Through Colonel Edward M. House, Pershing conveyed the AEF’s needs to President Woodrow Wilson in consultation with French Pétain regarding the Allied demands on the battlefront.

The leader of the 1916 attack on Columbus was Mexican Gen. Francisco \"Pancho\" Villa. He had allied his \"Villistas\" with the effort of Venustiano Carranza to successfully overthrow the ruling government of Mexico in 1910. Once in power, Carranza decided [Villa] was no longer an asset. The revolutionary had become an outlaw. With nowhere to go and running out of supplies, Pancho Villa eventually was pushed toward Mexico's northern border with the United States. The preliminary orders were to capture Pancho Villa and bring him to justice. The Army's chief of staff, Gen. Hugh L. Scott, asked Secretary of War Newton D. Baker if the United States was declaring war on one man. Baker clarified the order to read that the United States wanted Villa's \"band captured or destroyed.\" Brig. Gen. John J. Pershing, later commander in chief of American Expeditionary Forces in World War I, led the expedition into Mexico. The U.S. troops, including the 10th Cavalry \"Buffalo Soldiers,\" an African-American force, suffered greatly from the harsh elements and poor mechanization, but not from Villa's terrorists. They destroyed Pancho Villa's band and the terrorist threat against the United States.

WASHINGTON: Secretary of State Stimson indicated today [Feb. 23] that he might make an early pronouncement of a new open-door policy following word that China is preparing to resist the Japanese for at least a year.

Benbow reviews Progressives at War: William G. McAdoo and Newton D. Baker, 1863-1941 by Douglas B. Craig.