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The banana : empires, trade wars, and globalization
'The Banana' demystifies the banana trade and its path towards globalization. It reviews interregional relationships in the industry and the changing institutional framework governing global trade, and assesses the roles of such major players as the EU and the WTO.
Book
Is voluntary certification of tropical agricultural commodities achieving sustainability goals for small-scale producers? A review of the evidence
Over the last several decades, voluntary certification programs have become a key approach to promote sustainable supply chains for agricultural commodities. These programs provide premiums and other benefits to producers for adhering to environmental and labor practices established by the certifying entities. Following the principles of Cochrane Reviews used in health sciences, we assess evidence to evaluate whether voluntary certification of tropical agricultural commodities (bananas, cocoa, coffee, oil palm, and tea) has achieved environmental benefits and improved economic and social outcomes for small-scale producers at the level of the farm household. We reviewed over 2600 papers in the peer-review literature and identified 24 cases of unique combinations of study area, certification program, and commodity in 16 papers that rigorously analyzed differences between treatment (certified households) and control groups (uncertified households) for a wide range of response variables. Based on analysis of 347 response variables reported in these papers, we conclude that certification is associated on average with positive outcomes for 34% of response variables, no significant difference for 58% of variables, and negative outcomes for 8% of variables. No significant differences were observed for different categories of responses (environmental, economic and social) or for different commodities (banana, coffee and tea), except negative outcomes were significantly less for environmental than other outcome categories (p = 0.01). Most cases (20 out of 24) investigated coffee certification and response variables were inconsistent across cases, indicating the paucity of studies to conduct a conclusive meta-analysis. The somewhat positive results indicate that voluntary certification programs can sometimes play a role in meeting sustainable development goals and do not support the view that such programs are merely greenwashing. However, results also indicate that certification is not a panacea to improve social outcomes or overall incomes of smallholder farmers. Rigorous analysis, standardized criteria, and independent evaluation are needed to assess effectiveness of certification programs in the future.
Journal Article
Rearing substrate impacts growth and macronutrient composition of Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae produced at an industrial scale
Organic waste is a rapidly increasing problem due to the growth of the agricultural production needed to meet global food demands. Development of sustainable waste management solutions is essential. Black soldier fly,
Hermetia illucens
(L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) (BSF), larvae are voracious consumers of a wide range of organic materials ranging from fruits and vegetables to animal remains, and manure. Thanks to this ability and considering the larval high protein and lipid content, BSF larvae are a useful additive in animal feeds and biodiesel production. Unfortunately, the feasibility of using the black soldier fly as a tool for waste valorization and feed production has primarily been investigated at the benchtop scale. Thus, mobilization of current practices to an industrial scale is challenging because scaling up from small laboratory studies to large industrial studies is not necessarily linear. The goal of this study was to demonstrate the ability of the BSF to recycle organic waste at an industrial scale. To accomplish this goal, three organic waste streams were used (e.g., apples, bananas, and spent grain from a brewery) to test six diet treatments (1) apple, (2) banana, (3) spent grain, (4) apple and banana, (5) apple and spent grain, and (6) banana and spent grain. Working at scale of 10,000 BSF larvae life history traits, waste valorization, protein and lipid profiles were measured for each diet treatment. Differences were recorded across all variables, except substrate conversion, for larvae fed on fruit and spent grain (alone or with fruit). Growth rate significantly differed across treatments; larvae reared on spent grain grew twice as fast as those fed apples alone, but those reared on the apple and spent grain mixture produced twice as much insect biomass. However, it should be noted that larvae resulting from the apple diet contained 50% more fat than larvae fed the fruit and spent grain mixtures. Commonly-available organic wastes were successfully used at an industrial scale to produce BSF larvae that have the potential to substitute other sources of protein and lipids in different industrial applications. Industrialization efforts are encouraged to assess these impacts when integrating diverse ingredients into larval diets as a means to more precisely predict output, such as larval development time and final larval biomass.
Journal Article
The greener synthesis of nanoparticles
► Review on ‘green’ methods for synthesis of nanoparticles using natural products. ► Polyphenols in plant extracts can act as chelating/reducing and capping agents. ► One-step processes without surfactants and capping agents. ► Techniques for a given metal nanoparticle can also be applied to other metals. ► Discussion of experimental setup for biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles.
In this review, we examine ‘greener’ routes to nanoparticles of zerovalent metals, metal oxides, and salts with an emphasis on recent developments. Products from nature or those derived from natural products, such as extracts of various plants or parts of plants, tea, coffee, banana, simple amino acids, as well as wine, table sugar and glucose, have been used as reductants and as capping agents during synthesis. Polyphenols found in plant material often play a key role in these processes. The techniques involved are simple, environmentally friendly, and generally one-pot processes. Tea extracts with high polyphenol content act as both chelating/reducing and capping agents for nanoparticles. We discuss the key materials used in the field: silver, gold, iron, metal alloys, oxides, and salts.
Journal Article
Banana MaNAC1 activates secondary cell wall cellulose biosynthesis to enhance chilling resistance in fruit
Summary Chilling injury has a negative impact on the quantity and quality of crops, especially subtropical and tropical plants. The plant cell wall is not only the main source of biomass production, but also the first barrier to various stresses. Therefore, improving the understanding of the alterations in cell wall architecture is of great significance for both biomass production and stress adaptation. Herein, we demonstrated that the cell wall principal component cellulose accumulated during chilling stress, which was caused by the activation of MaCESA proteins. The sequence‐multiple comparisons show that a cold‐inducible NAC transcriptional factor MaNAC1, a homologue of Secondary Wall NAC transcription factors, has high sequence similarity with Arabidopsis SND3. An increase in cell wall thickness and cellulosic glucan content was observed in MaNAC1‐overexpressing Arabidopsis lines, indicating that MaNAC1 participates in cellulose biosynthesis. Over‐expression of MaNAC1 in Arabidopsis mutant snd3 restored the defective secondary growth of thinner cell walls and increased cellulosic glucan content. Furthermore, the activation of MaCESA7 and MaCESA6B cellulose biosynthesis genes can be directly induced by MaNAC1 through binding to SNBE motifs within their promoters, leading to enhanced cellulose content during low‐temperature stress. Ultimately, tomato fruit showed greater cold resistance in MaNAC1 overexpression lines with thickened cell walls and increased cellulosic glucan content. Our findings revealed that MaNAC1 performs a vital role as a positive modulator in modulating cell wall cellulose metabolism within banana fruit under chilling stress.
Journal Article
High adsorptive potential of calcined magnetic biochar derived from banana peels for Cu2+, Hg2+, and Zn2+ ions removal in single and ternary systems
The use of banana peel as a sustainable and low-cost precursor for the fabrication of effective biochar was exploited. Here, calcined magnetic biochar (CMB) was fabricated and characterized. CMB possesses surface acidic functional groups (–OH and COO
−
), porous structures, high saturation magnetization (39.55 emu/g), and larger surface area than the non-magnetic biochar (CB). The CMB adsorption performance (72.8, 75.9, and 83.4 mg/g for Zn
2+
, Cu
2+
, and Hg
2+
, respectively at pH 6) in a single component was described suitably by pseudo-second order kinetic model, Langmuir, and Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherms. Notably, the selectivity factor values in the extended Langmuir isotherm indicated that CMB has higher adsorption affinity toward Hg
2+
than Cu
2+
and Zn
2+
in the multi-component system. Owing to its high adsorption efficiency and fast and easy separation, the calcined magnetic biochar is considered promising and effective for the purification of heavy metal–bearing wastewater.
Journal Article
The origin and current situation of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 in Israel and the Middle East
Fusarium oxysporum
f.sp.
cubense
(Foc) is considered one of the most devastating soilborne fungal pathogens of banana worldwide. Foc causing mortality to Cavendish group bananas, and belonging to the unique vegetative compatibility group (VCG) 01213/16 has been termed tropical race 4 (TR4) and has currently been renamed
F. odoratissimum
. The pathogen that was first detected approximately 50 years ago in South East Asia, has since spread to countries within the greater Mekong subregion and to Australia. Recently, the pathogen disseminated to India, Pakistan, Oman and Mozambique (Africa) and was identified in the South American continent in Colombia in 2019. In the Middle East, TR4 was first reported from Jordan and Lebanon, and later from Israel in 2016. In Israel, the pathogen was identified as TR4 by VCG tests, pathogenicity assays and molecular verification. The complete genomes of five representative TR4 isolates including two from Israel, one from Jordan, one from the Philippines, and one from Indonesia were sequenced, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) analyses were conducted. SNPs were compared to 11 additional sequenced TR4 isolates, to determine the origin of the Israeli isolates. SNP detection and phylogeographical analyses determined that the Middle Eastern isolates are closely related, indicating that the pathogen most likely spread to Israel from Jordan, while those from Colombia are related to a representative isolate from Indonesia.
Journal Article
Isolation and characterization of chitosan from Ugandan edible mushrooms, Nile perch scales and banana weevils for biomedical applications
Of recent, immense attention has been given to chitosan in the biomedical field due to its valuable biochemical and physiological properties. Traditionally, the chief source of chitosan is chitin from crab and shrimp shells. Chitin is also an important component of fish scales, insects and fungal cell walls. Thus, the aim of this study was to isolate and characterize chitosan from locally available material for potential use in the biomedical field. Chitosan ash and nitrogen contents ranged from 1.55 to 3.5% and 6.6 to 7.0% respectively. Molecular weight varied from 291 to 348KDa. FTIR spectra revealed high degree of similarity between locally isolated chitosan and commercial chitosan with DD ranging from 77.8 to 79.1%. XRD patterns exhibited peaks at 2θ values of 19.5° for both mushroom and banana weevil chitosan while Nile perch scales chitosan registered 3 peaks at 2θ angles of 12.3°, 20.1° and 21.3° comparable to the established commercial chitosan XRD pattern. Locally isolated chitosan exhibited antimicrobial activity at a very high concentration. Ash content, moisture content, DD, FTIR spectra and XRD patterns revealed that chitosan isolated from locally available materials has physiochemical properties comparable to conventional chitosan and therefore it can be used in the biomedical field.
Journal Article
Genome-wide identification and expression pattern analysis of lipoxygenase gene family in banana
The LOX genes have been identified and characterized in many plant species, but studies on the banana LOX genes are very limited. In this study, we respectively identified 18 MaLOX, 11 MbLOX, and 12 MiLOX genes from the
Musa acuminata
,
M. balbisiana
and
M. itinerans
genome data, investigated their gene structures and characterized the physicochemical properties of their encoded proteins. Banana
LOXs
showed a preference for using and ending with G/C and their encoded proteins can be classified into 9-LOX, Type I 13-LOX and Type II 13-LOX subfamilies. The expansion of the
MaLOXs
might result from the combined actions of genome-wide, tandem, and segmental duplications. However, tandem and segmental duplications contribute to the expansion of
MbLOXs
. Transcriptome data based gene expression analysis showed that
MaLOX1
,
4
, and
7
were highly expressed in fruit and their expression levels were significantly regulated by ethylene. And 11, 12 and 7
MaLOXs
were found to be low temperature-, high temperature-, and
Fusarium oxysporum
f. sp.
Cubense
tropical race 4 (
Foc
TR4)-responsive, respectively.
MaLOX8
,
9
and
13
are responsive to all the three stresses,
MaLOX4
and
MaLOX12
are high temperature- and
Foc
TR4-responsive;
MaLOX6
and
MaLOX17
are significantly induced by low temperature and
Foc
TR4; and the expression of
MaLOX7
and
MaLOX16
are only affected by high temperature. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that the expression levels of several
MaLOXs
are regulated by MeJA and
Foc
TR4, indicating that they can increase the resistance of banana by regulating the JA pathway. Additionally, the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of
MaLOXs
revealed 3 models respectively for 5 (
MaLOX7
-
11
), 3 (
MaLOX6
,
13
, and
17
), and 1 (MaLOX
12
) MaLOX genes. Our findings can provide valuable information for the characterization, evolution, diversity and functionality of MaLOX, MbLOX and MiLOX genes and are helpful for understanding the roles of
LOXs
in banana growth and development and adaptations to different stresses.
Journal Article
Utilization of various lignocellulosic biomass for the production of nanocellulose: a comparative study
Nanocellulose was successfully extracted from five different lignocellulosic biomass sources viz. banana rachis, sisal, kapok, pineapple leaf and coir using a combination of chemical treatments such as alkaline treatment, bleaching and acid hydrolysis. The shape, size and surface properties of the nanocellulose generally depend on the source and hydrolysis conditions. A comparative study of the fundamental properties of raw material, bleached and nanocellulose was carried out by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, birefringence, X-ray diffraction, inverse gas chromatography and thermogravimetric analysis. Through the characterization of the nanocellulose obtained from different sources, the isolated nanocellulose showed an average diameter in the range of 10–25 nm, high crystallinity, high thermal stability and a great potential to be used with acid coupling agents due to a predominantly basic surface. This work provides an insight into the effective utilization of a variety of plant biomass as a potential source for nanocellulose extraction.
Journal Article