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Background The plastome of medicinal and endangered species in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Barleria prionitis was sequenced. The plastome was compared with that of seven Acanthoideae species in order to describe the plastome, spot the microsatellite, assess the dissimilarities within the sampled plastomes and to infer their phylogenetic relationships. Results The plastome of B. prionitis was 152,217 bp in length with Guanine-Cytosine and Adenine-Thymine content of 38.3 and 61.7% respectively. It is circular and quadripartite in structure and constitute of a large single copy (LSC, 83, 772 bp), small single copy (SSC, 17, 803 bp) and a pair of inverted repeat (IRa and IRb 25, 321 bp each). 131 genes were identified in the plastome out of which 113 are unique and 18 were repeated in IR region. The genome consists of 4 rRNA, 30 tRNA and 80 protein-coding genes. The analysis of long repeat showed all types of repeats were present in the plastome and palindromic has the highest frequency. A total number of 98 SSR were also identified of which mostly were mononucleotide Adenine-Thymine and are located at the non coding regions. Comparative genomic analysis among the plastomes revealed that the pair of the inverted repeat is more conserved than the single copy region. In addition high variation is observed in the intergenic spacer region than the coding region. The genes, ycf1 and ndhF and are located at the border junction of the small single copy region and IRb region of all the plastome. The analysis of sequence divergence in the protein coding genes indicates that the following genes undergo positive selection ( atpF, petD, psbZ, rpl20, petB, rpl16 , rps16, rpoC, rps7, rpl32 and ycf3 ). Phylogenetic analysis indicated sister relationship between Ruellieae and Justcieae. In addition, Barleria , Justicia and Ruellia are paraphyletic, suggesting that Justiceae, Ruellieae, Andrographideae and Barlerieae should be treated as tribes. Conclusions This study sequenced and assembled the first plastome of the taxon Barleria and reported the basics resources for evolutionary studies of B. prionitis and tools for phylogenetic relationship studies within the core Acanthaceae.

Barleria lupulina Lindl. (Acanthaceae) as an ornamental plant has been widely used in folklore medicine due to its abundancy in polyphenolic compounds. The present study examined conditions for optimal extraction of antioxidants from B. lupulina leaf extracts by using the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method. The effects of ethanol concentrations, microwave power, and extraction time on total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,20-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothizoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) were investigated by single-factor experiments. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to observe interactions of three independent variables (ethanol concentrations, microwave power, and extraction time) on the dependent variables (TPC, TFC, DPPH, and ABTS) to establish optimal extraction conditions. Quadratic polynomial equations in all experimental models yielded favorably with fitted models with R2 and R2adj of more than 0.90 and a non-significant lack of fit at p > 0.05. The optimal conditions for the extraction of antioxidant activity were established at 80% (v/v) ethanol, 400 W, and 30 s with TPC (238.71 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g sample), TFC (58.09 mg QE/g sample), DPPH (87.95%), and ABTS (89.56%). Analysis by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF/MS) successfully identified four new phenylethanoid glycoside compounds in the species.

The present study is the first report on the quantitative analysis of secondary metabolites in callus cultures of Barleria prionitis L. and comparison with the mother plant. Callus was obtained from stem internode (on MS medium with 0.5 mg l−1 NAA, 0.5 mg l−1 BAP and 300 mg l−1 ascorbic acid), and leaf (on MS medium with 1.0 mg l−1 2,4-D, 0.5 mg l−1 BAP, 300 mg l−1 ascorbic acid ) explants and, multiplied by subculturing thrice at an interval of 25 days. Calli and mother plant counterparts were extracted in four solvents (methanol, ethanol, acetone, and distilled water) and examined for active compounds and antioxidant potential. Callus cultures not only preserved the mother plant’s metabolite profile but also displayed elevated levels. Leaf-derived callus surpassed stem-derived callus in most of the studied parameters. The highest total phenolic content (21.46 mg GAE g−1 FW) and total flavonoid content (24.58 mg of RE g−1 FW) were observed in methanol extract of leaf-derived callus, representing a 3-fold and 2-fold increase over mother plant leaf, respectively. Antioxidant capacity based on FRAP and DPPH assay was highest in methanol extract of leaf-derived callus (7-fold and 3-fold increase over mother plant, respectively) while ABTS activity was highest (122-fold increase) in acetone extract of leaf-derived callus. HPTLC analysis revealed enhanced concentrations of squalene (10-fold) and SME (2.3-fold) in acetone and methanol extract of leaf-derived callus, respectively, compared to mother explants. The results of RP-HPLC for phenolics showed the highest gallic acid content (99-fold increase) in ethanol extract of stem-derived callus whereas catechol was maximum (37-fold increase) in aqueous extract of leaf-derived callus. These findings suggest that callus cultures of B. prionitis L. can be a potential source of active metabolites. Further, cell suspension cultures can be produced from the callus, which could be an avenue for the large-scale production of bioactive compounds.Key messageFor the first time, active components of B. prionitis L. were determined quantitatively in callus cultures and compared with the mother plant.

Barleria cristata L. has become naturalized in South Africa, where it is commonly used as an ornamental. In 2019, plants of B. cristata showing putative viral symptoms were collected from two locations in Gauteng, South Africa. RNAtag-seq libraries were prepared and sequenced using an Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. De novo assembly of the resulting data revealed the presence of a novel member of the family Tospoviridae associated with the plants from both locations, and this virus was given the tentative name \"barleria chlorosis-associated virus\". Segments L, M, and S have lengths of 8752, 4760, and 2906 nt, respectively. Additionally, one of the samples was associated with a novel polerovirus, provisionally named \"barleria polerovirus 1\", with a complete genome length of 6096 nt. This is the first study to show the association of viruses with a member of the genus Barleria.

BackgroundThis study investigated the in vitro antidiabetic, antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects of B. strigosa hydrophilic (BSTR) and lipophilic (LSB) leaves extracts. The phytochemical profile was also performed using UHPLC–ESI–QTOF–MS.ResultsThe results indicated that BSTR and LSB showed excellent antioxidant properties in the DPPH scavenging, ABTS scavenging, FRAP and MCA assays. The extracts also demonstrated α-glucosidase (81.56–157.56 µg/mL) and α-amylase (204.44 µg/mL) inhibitory activities. In addition, the extracts showed significant cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects against oral squamous carcinoma (CLS-354/WT) cancer cells. Furthermore, the extracts showed excellent antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Both extracts exhibited a significant reduction in nitric oxide secretion against activated macrophage cells. The UHPLC–MS analysis revealed that B. strigosa is rich in terpenoids, iridoid glycosides, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. The plethora of these compounds may be responsible for the observed activities. In addition, the bioactive compounds identified by UHPLC–ESI–QTOF–MS were analyzed using silico molecular docking studies to determine the binding affinity with α-amylase and α-glucosidase.ConclusionsThese results suggest that B. strigosa is an excellent pharmacological active plant and it provides the basis for further studies on the exploration of its potentials in oxidative stress induced disorders.

This study was designed to investigate the effect of ethanolic extract of Barleria prionitis leaf in Lipopolysaccharide induced neurodegeneration. Neurodenegeration was induced by administering Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (1 mg/kg/i.p.) in a Sprague Dawley rat model. Ethanolic extract of Barleria prionitis leaf (EEBPL) at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg was given orally to desired group of animals for a period of 14 days. After 14 days of drug treatment, parameters such as in vitro anticholinesterase activity, DPPH Radical Scavenging activity, behavioural test for memory and learning (Elevated plus maze test, Open field test), Acetylcholine (ACh) content, Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in brain homogenate were analysed. EEBPL at both doses, i.e., 200 and 400mg/kg, decreased the Acetylcholinesterase level in neurodegenerated rats. The EEBPL (400 mg/kg/p.o) had more pronounced effect on memory and learning which is supported by the results of improvement in the body weight and decreased transfer latency time of neurodegenerated animals in elevated plus maze test. Acetylcholine was found to be decreased in untreated neurodegenerated rats due to neuronal inflammation. The EEBPL (400 mg/kg) doses significantly (P<0.001) increased the SOD activity in neurodegenerated rats. Modulation of acetylcholine level by the EEBPL is related with its potential anti-oxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory activity. Further studies are needed to carry out the isolation of active constituents responsible for the activity.

Barleria lupulina, a medicinal plant of India, South China and Southeast Asia, is known for its antioxidant and cytotoxic abilities. Although this plant has shown significant promise as an anticancer agent, the underlying mechanisms of action are yet to be explored. Objective: This study aimed to assess antiproliferative and proapoptotic potential of B. lupulina leaf extract with understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms. The ethanolic extract was characterized using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and its anticancer activity was then assessed against Caco-2 colon cancer and A549 lung cancer cell lines. Phytochemical analysis of the extract revealed the presence of acetylbarlerin, decaffeoylacteoside, gallic acid, ipolamiide, leonuriside A, shanzhiside, and vanillic acid. The extract showed concentration-dependent cytotoxicity against both cancer cells. It induced early apoptosis at lower concentrations and late apoptosis at higher concentrations. Moreover, the extract noticeably reduced reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial membrane potential in a concentration-dependent way. The Western blot and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction showed upregulation of Bax, caspase-8, caspase-9, and cluster of differentiation 95, and downregulation of Bcl-2. Molecular docking studies revealed that decaffeoylacteoside, gallic acid, and vanillic acid exhibited dual affinities for both caspase-8 and caspase-9, while acetylbarlerin, ipolamiide, leonuriside A, and shanzhiside showed selective affinities only for caspase-9. The ethanolic leaf extract shows significant cytotoxic and proapoptotic activities, confirming its potential as a useful resource of bioactive compounds against cancer. Nevertheless, more in-depth investigations are necessary to realize the full potential of this medicinal plant for cancer therapy.

In order to authenticate the genomic information of Barleriacristata L., B. lupulina Lindl., B. repens Nees, B. siamensis Craib, and B. strigosa Willd, cp genomes were investigated. They revealed a general structure with a total size of 151,997–152,324 bp. The genomes encoded a total of 131 genes, including 86 CDS, 37 tRNA, and 8 rRNA genes. Other details found were as follows: different numbers and types of SSRs; identical gene content, which is adjacent to the border regions, except for B. strigosa, that revealed a shorter ndhF gene sequence and lacked the ycf1 gene; slightly different genetic distance values, which can be used for species identification; three distinct gaps of nucleotide variations between the species located at the intergenic spacer regions of the LSC and CDS of the SSC; three effective molecular markers derived from divergent hotspot regions, including the ccsA-ndhD, ndhA-ndhH-rps15, and ycf1. The genetic relationships derived from the cp genome and the CDS phylogenetic trees of Barleria and the 13 genera in Acanthaceae and different families, Scrophulariaceae and Phrymaceae, showed similar results. The six Barleria species as monophyletic groups with inner and outer outgroups were found to have perfect discrimination. These results have helped to authenticate the five Barleria species and the six genera in Acanthaceae.

Standardization of herbal drugs is a significant for staying away from of adulteration and in recognizable proof of unadulterated herbal drugs. World Health Organization determined explicit rules for the assessment of the wellbeing, adequacy and caliber of herbal drugs. The current examination was attempted to the standardization of entire plant of Barleria buxifolia Linn and Barleria cuspidata Heyne Ex Nees and to assess the fundamental phytochemical investigation. Both the plants are shrub once in a while circulated in waste lands, helpless soil and along streets. In this investigation the dried entire plant of Barleria buxifolia and Barleria cuspidata were assessed for organoleptic characters, physicochemical boundaries of pH, loss on drying, ash values and fundamental phytochemical examination for distinguishing of chemical constituents. The information acquired by the current examination shows all the qualities with in the determination of WHO and all these may be accommodating in distinguishing of this therapeutic plant and may likewise supportive in forestalling its debasement.

This appraisal is comprised of the inflammatory studies that have been conducted on Clinacanthus nutans, Acanthus ebracteatus, and Barleria lupulina . The review aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the supporting and contradictory evidence on each plants’ anti-inflammatory properties, whilst addressing the gaps in the current literature. The databases used to obtain relevant studies were Google Scholar, ResearchGate, PubMed and Nusearch (University of Nottingham). A total of 13 articles were selected for this review. A. ebracteatus was found to suppress neutrophil migration and weakly inhibits chronic inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, B. lupulina and C. nutans were shown to possess very similar anti-inflammatory properties. The studies on C. nutans indicated that its anti-inflammatory effect is strongly related to the inhibition of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Moreover, several phytoconstituents isolated from B. lupulina were shown to activate the anti-inflammatory Nrf2 pathway. Overall, all the studies have provided evidence to support the use of these plants as anti-inflammatory herbal remedies. However, their exact mechanism of action and the responsible phytoconstituents are yet to be established.