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The origins and definition of tyranny in ancient Greece have been debated in scholarship for well over three quarters of a century. Recently, it has been argued that tyranny as a political idea was not anathematised until late and that in the fifth century BCE and before, tyranny comported no negative judgment. While correct to point out that the distinction between ‘king’ and ‘tyrant’ in literature predating Aristotle was not clearly delineated, scholars have often failed to ask the more fundamental question of why that distinction was essential for Aristotle. This essay argues that Aristotle drew upon a much older intellectual tradition which saw tyranny as hateful and contrary to the rule of law. Though tyrants in many cases ruled lawfully, a distinction must be drawn between ‘lawful’ rule, which some but not all tyrants practised, and the rule of law, which anathematised tyranny.

This book is a study of the fourth-century sophist Libanius, a major intellectual figure who ran one of the most prestigious schools of rhetoric in the later Roman Empire. He was a tenacious adherent of pagan religion and a friend of the emperor Julian, but also taught leaders of the early Christian church like St. John Chrysostom and St. Basil the Great. Raffaella Cribiore examines Libanius's training and personality, showing him to be a vibrant educator, though somewhat gloomy and anxious by nature. She traces how he cultivated a wide network of friends and former pupils and courted powerful officials to recruit top students. Cribiore describes his school in Antioch--how students applied, how they were evaluated and trained, and how Libanius reported progress to their families. She details the professional opportunities that a thorough training in rhetoric opened up for young men of the day. Also included here are translations of 200 of Libanius's most important letters on education, almost none of which have appeared in English before. Cribiore casts into striking relief the importance of rhetoric in late antiquity and its influence not only on pagan intellectuals but also on prominent Christian figures. She gives a balanced view of Libanius and his circle against the far-flung panorama of the Greek East.

Unrivalled Influence explores the exceptional roles that women played in the vibrant cultural and political life of medieval Byzantium. Written by one of the world's foremost historians of the Byzantine millennium, this landmark book evokes the complex and exotic world of Byzantium's women, from empresses and saints to uneducated rural widows. Drawing on a diverse range of sources, Judith Herrin sheds light on the importance of marriage in imperial statecraft, the tense coexistence of empresses in the imperial court, and the critical relationships of mothers and daughters. She looks at women's interactions with eunuchs, the in-between gender in Byzantine society, and shows how women defended their rights to hold land. Herrin describes how they controlled their inheritances, participated in urban crowds demanding the dismissal of corrupt officials, followed the processions of holy icons and relics, and marked religious feasts with liturgical celebrations, market activity, and holiday pleasures. The vivid portraits that emerge here reveal how women exerted an unrivalled influence on the patriarchal society of Byzantium, and remained active participants in the many changes that occurred throughout the empire's millennial history. Unrivalled Influence brings together Herrin's finest essays on women and gender written throughout the long span of her esteemed career. This volume includes three new essays published here for the very first time and a new general introduction by Herrin. She also provides a concise introduction to each essay that describes how it came to be written and how it fits into her broader views about women and Byzantium.

In Omero Agamennone si presenta come un capo autorevole, capace di ottenere obbedienza senza bisogno di costringere o persuadere. Il saggio indaga la natura dell’autorità del basileús alla luce dei dati interni all’epos e delle rappresentazioni culturali dei Greci. In particolare, si mettono in evidenza: il ruolo dello scettro come “dispositivo” che fa del re il delegato di Zeus all’interno di una concezione dell’autorità come “facoltà” conferita da una fonte esterna; l’agency dello scettro, che si manifesta nella capacità di fungere da tramite di relazioni facendo circolare il potere sovrano tra i basileîs nell’assemblea omerica così come tra gli hierómenoi nella città beotica di Cheronea.

Historians have long wondered whether the relationship between the Basileus (temporal) and Patriarch (ecclesiastical) was a truly harmonious relationship as defined by Patriarch Photios in the ninth century in his Epanagoge during the Byzantine Empire’s long reign. This harmonious relationship, if there was one, was mired in conflict between the secular and ecclesiastical rulers in Byzantium. What were these conflicts, how were they worked out between them, and how do these conflicts affect our understanding of the existence of a symphony of powers? Was the Emperor also a priest?I hypothesize that the concept of a harmonious relationship between the Basileus and Patriarch was more honored in the breach than in the observance. When there was a conflict between the two, the Basileus almost invariably won out. This hypothesis does, however, recognize that there were limitations to this “winning out,” as conflicts with the Patriarch were often tempered by the will and support of the Byzantine clergy and laity. The Basileus often played an important role in controversial theological issues resulting in the growth and expansion of the Orthodox Christian Church in Byzantium. The Basileus, or Emperor, also was given liturgical privileges and special honors normally reserved for clergy in the services of the great Cathedral of the Holy Wisdom (Agia Sophia) Church in the Empire’s capital city of Constantinople. The Byzantine, or New Roman, Empire was also described by historian Steven Runciman as an “earthly copy of the Kingdom of Heaven.” Just as God ruled in heaven, so an Emperor, made in His image, should rule on earth and carry out His commandments. This empire lasted over one thousand years--from the first Christian Emperor Constantine I (r. AD 313-337) until the Emperor Constantine XI Paleologus (r. AD 1449-1453). According to historian Peter Stearns, the New Roman Empire was renowned for its intellectual activity, culture, wealth, and economy. This was also the first empire structured, primarily from the 6th century and on, and, ideally in design, to be ruled temporally by an Emperor, and ecclesiastically, by a Patriarch. The Emperor Justinian’s (r. AD 527-565) contributions to the Byzantine Empire included codified Roman law, a preservation of ancient Greek culture, art, and architecture. This harmony of church and state could not have survived for more than a millennium without its share of conflict. I am hoping that my research will contribute to our understanding of how the Emperor and Patriarch worked out their differences when the symphony of power was not so harmonious, and will tell us more about what happened when the “symphony” broke down.

The present chapter provides an outline of the long process through which Greek‐speaking populations were molded in the multilingual island laboratory of Cyprus. It focuses on a contextual analysis of the use of scripts and languages during the first millennium BC, primarily in relation to regional (city‐states) or island‐wide (Ptolemaic) political authorities, and integrates it with material data that underscore Cyprus's political economies. Greek, written in the syllabary, had become the “signature” of authority in the majority of the Cypriot micro‐states since the Archaic period. Following its annexation to the Ptolemaic Kingdom, in 294 BC, and the abolition of the independent polities, Cyprus turned monolingual; but the Greek language, which from then on became the island's only linguistic identity, was expressed in two different dialects: the ancient Arcado‐Cypriot and the koine.

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Literary Evidence Epigraphic Evidence Conclusion Bibliographical Essay

The bridegroom, the son of Mr. and Mrs. Whiteman of St. Albans, is a senior manufacturing engineer for the General Electric Company in Syracuse. He received a master's degree in mechanical engineering from the Rensselear Polytechnic Institute. His father is a retired towerman for the New York City Transit Authority, and his mother, Basileus J.

Neste trabalho, re!etimos sobre a natureza das motivações defendidas pelo romancista brasileiro Gonzaga Filho em sua obra A Mais Encantadora Mulher, publicada em 1903. Além das proposições etimológicas, fonéticas e prosódicas, o autor faz uso de uma proposição muito particular, que ele nomeia de harmonia neo-latina. Para o autor, não havia, até a data de publicação de seu romance, no mundo lusófono, nenhum léxico que se impusesse como autoridade a ser seguida. Através da obra de Gonzaga Filho, observamos o comportamento do movimento metaortográ\"co que se desvelou, no início do século XX, para a constituição ortográ\"ca da língua portuguesa em sincronias passadas e sua importância no processo de estandardização da gra\"a.