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The ecology of the Barí : rainforest horticulturalists of South America
No detailed description available for \"The Ecology of the Barí\".
eBook
The Great Basin
Covering a large swath of the American West, the Great Basin, centered in Nevada and including parts of California, Utah, and Oregon, is named for the unusual fact that none of its rivers or streams flow into the sea. This fascinating illustrated journey through deep time is the definitive environmental and human history of this beautiful and little traveled region, home to Death Valley, the Great Salt Lake, Lake Tahoe, and the Bonneville Salt Flats. Donald K. Grayson synthesizes what we now know about the past 25,000 years in the Great Basin—its climate, lakes, glaciers, plants, animals, and peoples—based on information gleaned from the region’s exquisite natural archives in such repositories as lake cores, packrat middens, tree rings, and archaeological sites. A perfect guide for students, scholars, travelers, and general readers alike, the book weaves together history, archaeology, botany, geology, biogeography, and other disciplines into one compelling panorama across a truly unique American landscape.
eBook
Wetland and riparian areas of the intermountain West
Wetlands and riparian areas between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada are incredibly diverse and valuable habitats. More than 80 percent of the wildlife species in this intermountain region depend on these wetlands—which account for less than 2 percent of the land area—for their survival. At the same time, the wetlands also serve the water needs of ranchers and farmers, recreationists, vacation communities, and cities. It is no exaggeration to call water the “liquid gold” of the West, and the burgeoning human demands on this scarce resource make it imperative to understand and properly manage the wetlands and riverine areas of the Intermountain West. This book offers land managers, biologists, and research scientists a state-of-the-art survey of the ecology and management practices of wetland and riparian areas in the Intermountain West. Twelve articles examine such diverse issues as laws and regulations affecting these habitats, the unique physiographic features of the region, the importance of wetlands and riparian areas to fish, wildlife, and livestock, the ecological function of these areas, their value to humans, and the methods to evaluate these habitats. The authors also address the human impacts on the land from urban and suburban development, mining, grazing, energy extraction, recreation, water diversions, and timber harvesting and suggest ways to mitigate such impacts. In addition to the editors, the contributors to this volume are: Paul Adamus, Oregon State University, Corvallis Michael A. Bozek, University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point Robert C. Ehrhart, Oregon State University, Bend James H. Gammonley, Colorado Division of Wildlife, Fort Collins Paul L. Hansen, Bitterroot Restoration, Corvallis, Montana E. Andrew Hart, University of Wyoming, Laramie Murray K. Laubhan, U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins, Colorado Kirk Lohman, University of Idaho, Moscow James R. Lovvorn, University of Wyoming, Laramie Neal D. Niemuth, University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point Richard A. Olson, University of Wyoming, Laramie Neil F. Payne, University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point Mark A. Rumble, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Rapid City, South Dakota Maureen Ryan, University of Toledo (Ohio) College of Law Brian E. Smith, U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Jamestown, North Dakota Mark Squillace, University of Toledo (Ohio) College of Law Stephen A. Tessmann, Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Cheyenne David W. Willis, South Dakota State University, Brookings
eBook
Glacier changes on the Tibetan Plateau derived from Landsat imagery: mid-1970s – 2000–13
Glacier area changes on the Tibetan Plateau were studied in different drainage basins based on Landsat satellite images from three epochs: 263 in the mid-1970s, 150 in 1999–2002 and 148 in 2013/14. Three mosaics (M1976, M2001 and M2013) with minimal cloud and snow cover were constructed, and the uncertainty due to each epoch having a finite span was accounted for. Glacier outlines (TPG1976, TPG2001 and TPG2013) were digitized manually with guidance from the SRTM DEM v4.1 and Google Earth imagery. To achieve complete multi-temporal coverage in a reasonable time, only debris-free ice was delineated. Area mapping uncertainty was evaluated at three study sites, Mount Qomolangma (Everest), Mount Naimona'Nyi, Mount Geladandong, where the largest differences between present and earlier measurements were within ~±4%. Area differences with previous inventories ranged from −19.6% (TPG1976 minus the first Chinese Glacier Inventory) to −3.6% and −1.1% (TPG2013 and TPG2001, respectively minus the second Chinese Glacier Inventory), while the difference TPG2001 minus the GAMDAM Glacier Inventory was +10.4%. Glacier area on the plateau decreased from 44 366 ± 2827 km2 (1.7% of the study area) in the 1970s to 42 210 ± 1621 km2 in 2001 and 41 137 ± 1616 km2 in 2013. Shrinkage was faster in external drainage basins of the southeast than in the interior basins of the northwest, from a maximum of −0.43% a−1 (−1.60% a−1 during 1994–2013) in the Mekong catchment down to a minimum of −0.12% a−1 in the Tarim interior drainage.
Journal Article
River Basin Management Plans as a tool for sustainable transboundary river basins’ management
Data availability and the existence of exchange mechanisms are considered crucial issues for the management of water bodies shared among riparian countries. Moreover, common legislative and technical frameworks are assets that foster the management of transboundary waters in an integrated and sustainable manner. The River Basin Management Plans of the European Union’s Water Framework Directive implementation process not only incorporate a cooperative framework, but also include open access internet-based databases that can enhance cooperation and shed light on water-related conflicts among countries that share transboundary waters. The proposed methodological approach in this research is applied in four transboundary river basins, where Greece is the downstream country, and the upstream countries are not all member states of the European Union. The areas of dispute were found in the 2nd Water Convention Report. For each particular case study, data and information from the respective River Basin Management Plans were used to investigate the actual situation. The results demonstrated that significant conflict situations in the past, which involved both water quality and water quantity issues, could be resolved using continuous and reliable datasets included in the management plans. The use of freely available data sources renders the findings of this work useful for the sustainable management of shared waters.
Journal Article
Surface Uplift Due To Time‐Varying Elastic Thickness in Continental Interiors
If, as previously hypothesized, the effective elastic response of the lithosphere is sensitive to the imposed stress regime, then it may vary in time and produce distinctive geomorphic responses. Such effects will be at their most crucial in landscapes of low relief. Motivated by the existence of numerous small endorheic (internally‐drained) basins in central Australia, we examine the influence of changing elastic response in the presence of large embedded loads in the lithosphere underlying stable continental interiors. Focusing on the western Lake Eyre Basin and adjoining Lake Lewis basin—an area with a close correlation between drainage pattern and extreme Bouguer gravity anomalies—we devise a set of numerical simulations that incorporate the flexural response to time‐transient horizontal stresses. The simulations demonstrate that transient changes in the effective elastic thickness can drive topographic changes in low‐relief landscapes, including drainage capture and the development of endorheic basins, consistent with field observations. Plain Language Summary Extreme density anomalies in central Australia suggest the presence of significant stress within the lithosphere, even though the region lies far from any tectonic plate boundaries. This in situ stress probably dates back to a mountain‐building period in the Paleozoic. The density anomalies correlate closely with drainage patterns and a set of internally‐drained catchments, suggesting an important relationship exists between the deep‐earth and landscape‐forming processes. We propose the driving mechanism is the result of changes in the rigidity of the lithosphere, which in the presence of in situ stress lead to surface uplift or subsidence. We use a landscape evolution model to show that topography similar to field observations can be simulated by imposing cycles of uplift and subsidence brought about by these changes in lithospheric rigidity over tens of millions of years. In consequence, the lithosphere must have fairly low rigidity counter to previously held ideas about continental interiors. Key Points Loads embedded within the central Australian lithosphere produce large flexural responses that may evolve cyclically over time Surface deflections induced by transient lithospheric rigidity can explain endorheic basins formed at wavelengths of order 100 km Cyclical behavior in lithospheric rigidity is consistent with the observed geomorphic record of erosion and deposition
Journal Article
Switching-induced Wada basin boundaries in the HACOnon map
Whether Wada basin boundaries can occur typically in dynamical systems other than smooth systems has been an open question. We verify the existence of Wada basin boundaries in a switched HACOnon map. We combine two basin boundaries (non-Wada property) but when they are alternated in periodic manners the Wada basin boundaries can be created. We give some mathematically rigorous results guaranteeing these emerging Wada basin boundaries by the auxiliary dynamics method. It suggests that switching can also induce the consequence of the existence of a high number of possible final states.
Journal Article