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"Behavior, Addictive history."
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Back by Popular Demand: A Narrative Review on the History of Food Addiction Research
In recent years, the concept of food addiction has gained more and more popularity. This approach acknowledges the apparent parallels between substance use disorders and overeating of highly palatable, high-caloric foods. Part of this discussion includes that \"hyperpalatable\" foods may have an addictive potential because of increased potency due to certain nutrients or additives. Although this idea seems to be relatively new, research on food addiction actually encompasses several decades, a fact that often remains unrecognized. Scientific use of the term addiction in reference to chocolate even dates back to the 19th century. In the 20th century, food addiction research underwent several paradigm shifts, which include changing foci on anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, obesity, or binge eating disorder. Thus, the purpose of this review is to describe the history and state of the art of food addiction research and to demonstrate its development and refinement of definitions and methodologies.
Journal Article
Addiction and Devotion in Early Modern England
Rebecca Lemon illuminates a previously-buried conception of addiction, as a form of devotion at once laudable, difficult, and extraordinary, that has been concealed by the persistent modern link of addiction to pathology. Surveying sixteenth-century invocations, she reveals how early moderns might consider themselves addicted to study, friendship, love, or God. However, she also uncovers their understanding of addiction as a form of compulsion that resonates with modern scientific definitions. Specifically, early modern medical tracts, legal rulings, and religious polemic stressed the dangers of addiction to alcohol in terms of disease, compulsion, and enslavement. Yet the relationship between these two understandings of addiction was not simply oppositional, for what unites these discourses is a shared emphasis on addiction as the overthrow of the will.Etymologically, \"addiction\" is a verbal contract or a pledge, and even as sixteenth-century audiences actively embraced addiction to God and love, writers warned against commitment to improper forms of addiction, and the term became increasingly associated with disease and tyranny. Examining canonical texts including Doctor Faustus, Twelfth Night, Henry IV, and Othello alongside theological, medical, imaginative, and legal writings, Lemon traces the variety of early modern addictive attachments. Although contemporary notions of addiction seem to bear little resemblance to its initial meanings, Lemon argues that the early modern period's understanding of addiction is relevant to our modern conceptions of, and debates about, the phenomenon.
eBook
Reading Disorders: Pro-Eating Disorder Rhetoric and Anorexia Life-Writing
\"6 Whilst it may seem a spurious suggestion that a book might trigger or encourage an eating disorder, Hornbacher herself explains how, upon reading The Best Little Girl in the World, Steven Levenkron's \"rather romanticized\" novel about anorexia nervosa, she \"wanted to be [that girl]: withdrawn, reserved . . . wholly absorbed in her own obsession. [...]the suggestion that Samuel Richardson's 1747-48 novel Clarissa-wherein the eponymous heroine willfully starves herself to death and has been described by Maud Ellmann as a \"literary anorectic\"-harmed young women readers by \"discomposing their stomachs\" presents a curious similarity to contemporary concerns about the dangers of reading accounts of self-starvation.10 Certainly, it would be specious to posit that Hornbacher's book is capable of spontaneously causing anorexia nervosa-it has not been established that any text can trigger the disorder in healthy individuals-but there does appear to be a special relationship between particular writing and reading practices and anorexia identity formation and maintenance for some readers with a predisposition to eating disorders.
Journal Article
Anti-Interiority: Compulsiveness, Objectification, and Identity in Infinite Jest
Scientific medical research, even in its most objectifying forms, is of course profoundly social. [...] medical science requires a standardizing of biological models of selfhood into categories: individual bodies are always understood in the context of statistical norms, research results, and medical hypotheses.
Journal Article
“We Mentally Ill Smoke a Lot”: Identity, Smoking, and Mental Illness in America
Most of the history of the tobacco industry over the last few decades has focused on the conflicts between tobacco industry leaders who promoted smoking and tobacco control advocates who warned of the health consequences. Yet a view of this conflict from the perspective of smokers who are also mentally ill raises questions about how to frame public health policy for these individuals. Mentally ill consumers wrote to the tobacco industry between the 1970s and 1990s and expressed their commitment to smoking and to cigarette companies, despite their awareness of the health risks. This paper explores the relationship between mentally ill consumers, the tobacco industry, and public health in the United States through letters written by mentally ill smokers.
Journal Article
Past as prologue: the future of addiction studies
An editorial considers the future of addiction studies and three possible scenarios that could impact addiction science. There is growing optimism that federal and state governments have begun to recognize the need for addiction research and are willing to invest in it.
Journal Article
Chasing the Dragon: The Cultural Metamorphosis of Opium in the United States, 1825-1935
Many things to many people, opium has played a role in the emergence of several power bases in the United States. In turn, these bases of power have shaped what opium is for the rest of us. Allopathic medicine brought opium and its derivatives under its control around the turn of the century, promulgating \"addiction theory\" and addiction clinics as part of its rise to preeminence among rival forms of medicine. Opium also played a role in the U.S.'s international economic and imperialistic ascendance. When politicians began to deploy a new discourse on opium early in this century, they were able to appropriate medical rhetoric. As the politics of opium heated up, some doctors were able to exploit the emerging politically inspired discourse to generate a subtly different medical knowledge of opiates and addiction while establishing a new subdiscipline with the political support of lawmakers and state institutions.
Journal Article
Aspects of Psychodynamic Neuropsychiatry IV: Love, Ripe Fruit, and other Addictions
Passionate love is a powerful emotional/biological force. So too is heart-break a powerful emotional/biological force. This article studies the neurobiological underpinnings of the two. The argument is that passionate love is best understood not as an affective dysregulation but rather as an addiction. And similarly that heart-break is best understood, and treated, not as an affective dysregulation but as an addiction. Clinical examples are given.
Journal Article