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The cavity characteristics in liquid-filled containers caused by high-velocity impacts represent an important area of research in hydrodynamic ram phenomena. The dynamic expansion of the cavity induces liquid pressure variations, potentially causing catastrophic damage to the container. Current studies mainly focus on non-deforming projectiles, such as fragments, with limited exploration of shaped charge jets. In this paper, a uniquely experimental system was designed to record cavity profiles in behind-armor liquid-filled containers subjected to shaped charge jet impacts. The impact process was then numerically reproduced using the explicit simulation program ANSYS LS-DYNA with the Structured Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (S-ALE) solver. The formation mechanism, along with the dimensional and shape evolution of the cavity was investigated. Additionally, the influence of the impact kinetic energy of the jet on the cavity characteristics was analyzed. The findings reveal that the cavity profile exhibits a conical shape, primarily driven by direct jet impact and inertial effects. The expansion rates of both cavity length and maximum radius increase with jet impact kinetic energy. When the impact kinetic energy is reduced to 28.2 kJ or below, the length-to-diameter ratio of the cavity ultimately stabilizes at approximately 7.

The impact of high-velocity penetrators into liquid-filled containers can generate hydrodynamic ram effects, potentially causing catastrophic structural damage to the container. Previous studies have primarily focused on undeformed penetrators, such as fragments or bullets, with limited attention directed toward shaped charge jets. This study investigates the penetration characteristics of shaped charge jets impacting behind-armor liquid-filled containers, with particular emphasis on jet–liquid interactions. A theoretical penetration model incorporating material compressibility and jet stretching was developed based on the virtual origin theory. A high-speed imaging experimental system was designed to capture the jet motion within the container. The impact process was numerically reproduced using ANSYS/LS-DYNA, and the effects of standoff and overmatch on jet penetration were analyzed. The results reveal that jet stretching induced by increased standoff enhances the penetration velocity of the jet. A proportional relationship between the stretching factor (λ) and the overmatch parameter (I) was identified, with λ ranging from approximately 1.22 to 1.38 times I across the studied standoff range (80–220 mm). The findings offer a basis for future studies on the pressure distribution in the liquid and the structural response of containers.