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Diet is a primary source of exposure for high-molecular-weight phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA), but little is known about the efficacy of various interventions to reduce exposures. We conducted a randomized trial with 10 families to test the efficacy of a 5-day complete dietary replacement (Arm 1; n =21) versus written recommendations to reduce phthalate and BPA exposures (Arm 2; n =19). We measured phthalate and BPA concentrations in urine samples at baseline, intervention, and post-intervention periods. We used Wilcoxon paired signed-rank tests to assess change in concentrations across time and multi-level mixed effects regression models to assess differences between Arms 1 and 2. Urinary di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolite concentrations increased unexpectedly from a median of 283.7 nmol/g at baseline to 7027.5 nmol/g during the intervention ( P <0.0001) among Arm 1 participants, and no significant changes were observed for Arm 2 participants. We observed a statistically significant increase in total BPA concentration between baseline and intervention periods in Arm 1 but no significant changes in Arm 2. Arm 1 food ingredient testing for DEHP revealed concentrations of 21,400 ng/g in ground coriander and 673 ng/g in milk. Food contamination with DEHP led to unexpected increases in urinary phthalate concentrations in a trial intended to minimize exposure. In the absence of regulation to reduce phthalate and BPA concentrations in food production, it may be difficult to develop effective interventions that are feasible in the general population. An estimate of DEHP daily intake for children in the dietary replacement Arm was above the US Environmental Protection Agency oral reference dose and the European Food Safety Authority’s tolerable daily intake, suggesting that food contamination can be a major source of DEHP exposure.

Purpose of Review: Bisphenol A and phthalate have been found in the environment, as well as in humans. In this narrative review pre- and postnatal bisphenol A and phthalate exposures, their relationship to neurodevelopment, and the behavioral outcomes of children are elucidated, focusing in particular on the recent case-control, cross-sectional, and longitudinal studies. This review also introduces some of the possible mechanisms behind the observed associations between exposures and outcomes. Recent Findings: Although bisphenol A and phthalate exposure have been reported to influence neurobehavioral development in children, there are various kinds of test batteries for child neurodevelopmental assessment at different ages whose findings have been inconsistent among studies. In addition, the timing and number of exposure assessments have varied. Summary: Overall, this review suggests that prenatal exposure to bisphenol A and phthalates may contribute to neurobehavioral outcomes in children. The evidence is still limited; however, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms, especially among boys, constantly suggested association with both prenatal and concurrent exposure to bisphenol A. Although there is limited evidence on the adverse effects of prenatal and postnatal bisphenol A and phthalate exposures provided, pregnant women and young children should be protected from exposure based on a precautionary approach.

Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a synthetic chemical ubiquitous in the environment and listed as an endocrine disruptor. It has the tendency of migrating into food stored in materials containing it. This study, therefore, determines the concentrations of BPA in foods commonly consumed in Southwest Nigeria by the adult population and also estimates the risk associated with human exposure. Eight different food categories were selected for this study. Standard QuEChERS protocol was used for sample extraction and analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Vegetable oil had the highest BPA concentration (28.4 ng/g). This was followed by aquatic canned fish (26.3 ng/g), canned beef (21.3 ng/g) and crayfish (17.5 ng/g). These concentrations were below the 600 ng/g limit of the European Commission for BPA in foods. Bisphenol-A was not detected in raw beef, chicken, cheese, apple, tomatoes, beans and rice; and chicken eggs. The adult population had an average dietary intake of 30.4 ng/kg bw/day. There is no likely occurrence of harmful health effects of BPA in the selected foods with respect to the current concentrations found therein. However, routine monitoring is recommended to prevent human exposure to BPA.

Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) are not commonly monitored in the environment, but they can enter the environment from a variety of sources. The most worrying consequence of their wide use and environmental diffusion is the increase in the possible exposure pathways for humans. Moreover, knowledge of their behavior in the environment, toxicity, and biological effects is limited or not available for most CECs. The aim of this work is to edit the state of the art on few selected CECs having the potential to enter the soil and aquatic systems and cause adverse effects in humans, wildlife, and the environment: bisphenol A (BPA), nonylphenol (NP), benzophenones (BPs), and benzotriazole (BT). Some reviews are already available on BPA and NP, reporting about their behavior in surface water and sediments, but scarce and scattered information is available about their presence in soil and groundwater. Only a few studies are available about BPs and BT in the environment, in particular in soil and groundwater. This work summarizes the information available in the literature about the incidence and behavior of these compounds in the different environmental matrices and food. In particular, the review focuses on the physical-chemical properties, the environmental fate, the major degradation byproducts, and the environmental evidence of the selected CECs.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is the most well-known compound from the bisphenol family. As BPA has recently come under pressure, it is being replaced by compounds very similar in structure, but data on the occurrence of these BPA analogues in food and human matrices are limited. The main objective of this work was to investigate human exposure to BPA and analogues and the associated health effects. We performed a literature review of the available research made in humans, in in vivo and in vitro tests. The findings support the idea that exposure to BPA analogues may have an impact on human health, especially in terms of obesity and other adverse health effects in children.

In recent years, several studies have focused on environmental pollutants. Bisphenol A (BPA) is one prominent industrial raw material, and its extensive utilization and release into the environment constitute an environmental hazard. BPA is considered as to be an endocrine disruptor which mimics hormones, and has a direct relationship to the development and growth of animal and human reproductive systems. Moreover, intensive exposure to the compound is related to prostate and breast cancer, infertility, obesity, and diabetes. Hence, accurate and reliable determination techniques are crucial for preventing human exposure to BPA. Experts in the field have published general electrochemical procedures for detecting BPA. The present timely review critically evaluates diverse chemically modified electrodes using various substances that have been reported in numerous studies in the recent decade for use in electrochemical sensors and biosensors to detect BPA. Additionally, the essential contributions of these substances for the design of electrochemical sensors are presented. It has been predicted that chemically modified electrode-based sensing systems will be possible options for the monitoring of detrimental pollutants.

Exposure of humans to environmental phenolic compounds such as bisphenol A (BPA) and alkylphenols is a matter of concern, due to these compounds’ ubiquitous occurrence and estrogenic potencies. Little is known about the levels of environmental phenolics in personal care products (PCPs). In this study, nonylphenol, two octylphenols, eight bisphenols (BPA and its analogs), and triclosan (TCS) were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in PCP samples (n = 231) collected from China and the United States (U.S.). The concentrations of 4-n-nonylphenol (4-NP), 4-n-octylphenol (4-OP), 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP), and TCS were in the ranges of <0.5–39,100 [geometric mean (GM): 21.5], <0.5–315 (0.680), <1.0–10,100 (2.69), and <0.5–53,900 (3.03) ng/g, respectively. The GM concentrations of individual bisphenols, including BPA, bisphenol S (BPS), and bisphenol F (BPF), were generally at sub-nanogram per gram levels. No significant differences in concentrations of the target compounds were found among various PCP categories or between China and the U.S. The estimated GM daily intakes of 4-NP, ∑OPs (sum of 4-OP and 4-t-OP), ∑BPs (sum of eight bisphenols), and TCS through dermal absorption from the use of PCPs were 0.932, 0.093, 0.072, and 0.016 μg/day, respectively, for adult Chinese women and 0.340, 0.054, 0.120, and 0.068 μg/day, respectively, for adult U.S. women. Body lotions, face creams, and liquid foundations accounted for the majority (>85 %) of the dermal exposure doses of the target phenolics.

This study examines the presence of bisphenol A (BPA), S (BPS), F (BPF), and M (BPM) in various recycled plastics readily available on the market (LDPE, HDPE, PET, and PP), in light of European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) limits. Twenty samples of different origin are analyzed, cleaning treatments are applied, and the migration potential of these bisphenols into food is studied. BPM is absent in all samples, but a post-consumer recycled LDPE sample reveals high bisphenol concentrations, raising concerns, reaching 8540 ng/g, 370 ng/g, and 29 ng/g of BPA, BPS, and BPF, respectively. Migration tests show substantial migration of these contaminants into food simulants. Using a cleaning treatment with polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) reduces BPA in LDPE, HDPE, PP, and PET samples by 95%, 99%, 97% and 28%, respectively, highlighting the importance of cleaning treatments across various polymers in plastic recycling. These findings not only protect food safety but addressing environmental challenges associated with plastic recycling.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is widely used as a hardener in plastics production and its release and circulation in ecosystems lead to negatively impacts the human endocrine system. Therefore, there is a need for simple and efficient BPA monitoring tools. This paper presents a combination of two approaches for this purpose: the use of magnetic particles (MPs) as antibody carriers and immunochromatographic test strips based on quantum dots (QDs) for recording labeled immune complexes. Initially, free antigen binds to the MP-specific antibody conjugate, concentrating the sample to a final volume of 200 µL. A competitive interaction then occurs in the analytical zone of the test strip with immersion in a QDs solution. The visual detection limit of BPA was 2.7 μg/mL, the instrumental detection limit was 0.03 μg/mL, and the working range of quantification was 0.3-100 μg/mL (reproducibility was 7.7%, R = 0.985). Concentration using MP reduces the detection limit by 100-fold (0.3 ng/mL). The developed test was used for qualitative control of the presence and quantitative determination of BPA content in samples of drinking and natural water (the detection rate is in the range of 94-110%).

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a plasticizer used to synthesize polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins and is well-known for its endocrine-disrupting action. BPA occurrence in the environment is widespread, and there is a growing concern regarding exposure to this chemical during childhood, given the findings indicating the long-lasting hazards associated with exposure during early life compared to adulthood. We examined urinary BPA concentrations from 319 elementary school-aged Brazilian children, using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. We found that urinary BPA was detectable in the majority of children, and that urinary BPA levels were higher among children with lower family income and lower maternal educational levels. BPA levels found herein were compared with those from countries with different regulation policies concerning exposure to BPA. They were similar to those reported from studies conducted in Egypt and Australia. Despite more protective regulatory policies in the European Union, they were similar or lower than those reported in European studies. Our findings indicate that exposure of Brazilian children to BPA is widespread and comparable to or even lower than that of countries with stricter regulatory policies.