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"Berufsethik."
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The young professional's survival guide : from cab fares to moral snares
A guide for young professionals starting new jobs, giving tips to ethic challenging situations.
Book
Questionable research practices in student final theses – Prevalence, attitudes, and the role of the supervisor’s perceived attitudes
Although questionable research practices (QRPs) and p-hacking have received attention in recent years, little research has focused on their prevalence and acceptance in students. Students are the researchers of the future and will represent the field in the future. Therefore, they should not be learning to use and accept QRPs, which would reduce their ability to produce and evaluate meaningful research. 207 psychology students and fresh graduates provided self-report data on the prevalence and predictors of QRPs. Attitudes towards QRPs, belief that significant results constitute better science or lead to better grades, motivation, and stress levels were predictors. Furthermore, we assessed perceived supervisor attitudes towards QRPs as an important predictive factor. The results were in line with estimates of QRP prevalence from academia. The best predictor of QRP use was students' QRP attitudes. Perceived supervisor attitudes exerted both a direct and indirect effect via student attitudes. Motivation to write a good thesis was a protective factor, whereas stress had no effect. Students in this sample did not subscribe to beliefs that significant results were better for science or their grades. Such beliefs further did not impact QRP attitudes or use in this sample. Finally, students engaged in more QRPs pertaining to reporting and analysis than those pertaining to study design. We conclude that supervisors have an important function in shaping students' attitudes towards QRPs and can improve their research practices by motivating them well. Furthermore, this research provides some impetus towards identifying predictors of QRP use in academia.
Journal Article
Facing the new diagnostic and treatment options of Alzheimer's disease: The necessity of informed consent
With advances in biomarker‐based detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and new treatment options with disease‐modifying treatments (DMTs), we are heading toward a new conceptualization of diagnostics and therapy in the early stages of AD. Yet consensus guidelines on best clinical practices in predictive AD diagnostics are still developing. Currently, there is a knowledge gap regarding counseling and disclosure practices in early symptomatic disease stages, its implications for dementia risk estimation, and DMTs with associated risks and benefits. The crucial feature is the capacity of patients with (mild) cognitive impairment, eligible for DMTs, to consent. This perspective aims to (1) discuss the current challenges in assessing capacity to consent and (2) highlight the importance of a supported (informed) decision‐making process. Measures to facilitate informed decision‐making of patients constitute an ethical approach to enhancing the quality of care in this evolving therapeutic landscape. Highlights This perspective: Explores biomarker‐based early symptomatic AD detection and the implications for patient care. Emphasizes supported decision‐making in DMTs for MCI and dementia patients. Discusses the need for standardized tools to assess the capacity to consent. Aligns diagnostic and treatment approaches with ethical care standards. Enhances patient autonomy in the evolving AD therapeutic landscape.
Journal Article
A tale of three retractions: a call for standardized categorization and criteria in retraction statements
While psychology and other scientific fields may not always live up to the ideal of self-correction, retractions are one effective mechanism to address flawed entries in the scientific record once they have already been published. Despite their utility, retractions are steeped in stigma for authors, and information about the role of authors in the retraction process is not consistently reported in retraction statements. Based on examples across the variety of existing retraction statements across fields, we propose three categories of retractions based on authors’ roles, as well as suggested standard criteria for retraction statements to ensure they provide adequate information about the process, rationale, and interpretability of retractions while providing authors with a voice in this very challenging outcome for their work.
Journal Article
Informed consent in psychotherapy: a survey on attitudes among psychotherapists in Switzerland
Background
The legal and ethical guidelines of psychological professional associations stipulate that informed consent by patients is an essential prerequisite for psychotherapy. Despite this awareness of the importance of informed consent, there is little empirical evidence on what psychotherapists’ attitudes towards informed consent are and how informed consent is implemented in psychotherapeutic practice.
Methods
155 psychotherapists in Switzerland completed an online survey assessing their attitudes regarding informed consent.
Results
Among the surveyed psychotherapists, there was a high consensus on important information that should be communicated to patients in the context of informed consent. Almost all psychotherapists rated confidentiality and its exemptions (95%) and self-determined decision-making (97%) as important. The importance to disclose information regarding fees and the empirical effectiveness of the provided treatment, were both seen as important by more than 80% of participants. The disclosure of personal information about the therapist was rated as important by 60%. Other aspects, which are not direct components of informed consent but rather overarching goals, were also evaluated rather homogeneously: self-determined decision making of the patient was rated as important by almost all of the surveyed psychotherapists (97%). The following components were also judged as important by a majority of the participants: promotion of hope (80%) and discussion of treatment goals (93%). Most psychotherapists described the implementation of informed consent as an ongoing process, rather than a one-time event during the first session of therapy. Therapists’ age, postgraduate training, treated patient group, and setting influenced attitudes towards informed consent.
Conclusions
The present study shows that informed consent is perceived by psychotherapists as both a challenge and a resource. The implementation of informed consent in psychotherapy requires further research from a clinical and ethical perspective.
Journal Article
A Mixed-Method Modified Delphi Study toward Identifying Key Elements of Psychotherapy in Iran
Purpose: In Iran, psychotherapy is regarded as an effective treatment for psychiatric disorders. However, no previous research has identified the key elements of psychotherapy that may be specific to Iranian society. The current study was conducted in an attempt to identify these elements. Methods: A mixed-method modified Delphi approach was used, taking place over several stages during 2017–2018. The first stage involved interviewing 12 experts in psychotherapy to identify key elements of psychotherapy in Iran by thematic analysis. Then, successive Delphi rounds were conducted to obtain consensus (75% agreement) from 70 psychotherapy experts on these key elements. Results: Key elements of psychotherapy were grouped into the following themes: (1) systematic education/training; (2) psychotherapist competency; (3) psychotherapy reflective of Iranian societal needs; and (4) the substrate (scientific/ethical principles) of psychotherapy. Consensus was reached during two Delphi rounds. In Delphi round 1, 52.8% of the statements reached consensus, and all remaining statements reached consensus in round 2. Conclusions: The key elements of psychotherapy in Iran are a set of conditions for the education and training of competent psychotherapists who can perform psychiatric interventions appropriate to Iranian society under supervised rules. These should serve as a framework for improving the current delivery of psychotherapy in Iran.
Journal Article
Ethische Zielkonflikte in der Sozialen Arbeit
Hilfe und Kontrolle, Fürsorge und Achtung der Selbstbestimmung - das sind nur zwei der ethischen Zielkonflikte der Sozialen Arbeit.Die Soziale Arbeit folgt bei ihrer Praxis gesetzlichen Regelungen, aber auch den Vorgaben der jeweiligen Einrichtung und den Bedürfnissen der Klientel.
eBook
Journalists and Confidential Sources
Journalists and Confidential Sources explores the fraught and widespread reliance by journalists on anonymous sources, whistleblowers, and others to whom they owe an obligation of confidentiality. It examines the difficulties afflicting such relationships; analyses the deteriorating \"right to know\" and freedom of expression frameworks; and explores solutions and reforms.
The book discusses key Australian and international source protection ethics rules, statutes, court cases, law enforcement actions, and case studies. It highlights weakness in journalists' professional practice codes governing confidentiality obligations; discusses inadequate journalistic appreciation of the importance of establishing clear terms and conditions underpinning confidentiality obligations; and identifies shortcomings in the law governing source protection. The book argues that despite source protection being widely recognised as an important ideal, source protection is under sustained assault, thereby undermining public access to information, and democracy itself. The work focusses on Australia but takes into account source protection in the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, and New Zealand.
This timely contribution to the global discussion on the subject will greatly interest journalists, scholars, educators, and students especially in the areas of media law and policy, journalism, media and communication studies, and public relations; the legal fraternity; and anyone who communicates with journalists.
eBook
