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Wege zu nachhaltiger Mobilitat: Fordernde und hemmende Faktoren fur den Ausbau des gemeindeubergreifenden Radwegenetzes im Darmstadter Umland /Paths to sustainable mobility: Barriers and opportunities for the expansion of supra-municipal bicycle infrastructure in the Darmstadt area
Der Ausbau fahrradfreundlicher Infrastruktur zwischen Stadt und Umland geht meist nur zdgerlich voran. Herausforderungen uberkommunaler Radverkehrsforderung sind die Koordination zwischen den Gemeinden, ungunstige politische Prioritdtensetzung und wenig unterstutzende gesetzliche Rahmenbedingungen. Wenn Gemeinden sich vernetzen, konnen sie effizienter arbeiten und kreative Losungen entwickeln. Auch zivilgesellschaftliches Engagement kann zu Verdnderungen beitragen. Commuting by bike can be a key element in the transition to more sustainable mobility. To change the mode of transportation, many commuters demand a more bicycle-friendly infrastructure. In a transdisciplinary process, stakeholders from universities, public administration, and civil society organizations collaborated to analyze the implementation backlog in bike-friendly infrastructure in the area surrounding the city of Darmstadt. A document analysis, 23 interviews, and three transdisciplinary workshops were conducted to structure the problem and jointly develop potential solutions. Three key barriers were identified: 1. communication and coordination deficits in inter-municipal cooperation, 2. a lack of political prioritization, and 3. an insufficient legal framework. Networking between municipalities was identified and tested as a possible solution in the transdisciplinary workshop series. Networking can increase the municipalities' ability to develop creative solutions, despite limited financial and human resources. Still, changes at the supra-municipal level are essential to enhance the status of cycling, as is civil society action in the municipalities. Keywords acceleration of planning processes, bicycle commuting, Darmstadt, promotion of bicycle traffic, public administration, regional mobility, supra-municipal planning, transdisciplinary project
Journal Article
Bike Lanes Are White Lanes
The number of bicyclists is increasing in the United States, especially among the working class and people of color. In contrast to the demographics of bicyclists in the United States, advocacy for bicycling has focused mainly on the interests of white upwardly mobile bicyclists, leading to neighborhood conflicts and accusations of racist planning.InBike Lanes Are White Lanes, scholar Melody L. Hoffmann argues that the bicycle has varied cultural meaning as a \"rolling signifier.\" That is, the bicycle's meaning changes in different spaces, with different people, and in different cultures. The rolling signification of the bicycle contributes to building community, influences gentrifying urban planning, and upholds systemic race and class barriers.In this study of three prominent U.S. cities-Milwaukee, Portland, and Minneapolis-Hoffmann examines how the burgeoning popularity of urban bicycling is trailed by systemic issues of racism, classism, and displacement. From a pro-cycling perspective,Bike Lanes Are White Laneshighlights many problematic aspects of urban bicycling culture and its advocacy as well as positive examples of people trying earnestly to bring their community together through bicycling.
eBook
The potential of bicycle commuting to reduce carbon emissions in Finland
There is an increasing amount of evidence that cycling is an effective way to decarbonise everyday mobility. The potential of cycling is however less well understood in cold climates, where seasonal weather conditions are seen as a major obstacle. This work explores the potential of cycling to substitute for car use on commute trips in Finland. A binary logistic regression model is first built based on national travel survey data to describe cycling behaviour on home–work trips according to trip distance, hilliness, temperature, snow cover, gender of the cyclist, car availability, and city region. This model is then used to quantify cycling uptake scenarios and estimate cycled mileage, replaced car travel, and climate emission reductions. E-bike scenarios are also explored. The results indicate that it would be possible to set ambitious targets for cycling uptake, even doubling the mileage cycled, leading to non-negligible emission reductions.
Journal Article
How cycling can save the world
\"Peter Walker--reporter at the Guardian and curator of its popular bike blog--shows how the future of humanity depends on the bicycle. Car culture has ensnared much of the world--and it's no wonder. Convenience and comfort (as well as some clever lobbying) have made the car the transportation method of choice for generations. But as the world evolves, the high cost of the automobile is made clearer--with its dramatic effects on pollution, the way it cuts people off from their communities, and the alarming rate at which people are injured and killed in crashes. Walker argues that the simplest way to tackle many of these problems at once is with one of humankind's most perfect inventions--the bicycle. In How Cycling Can Save the World, Walker takes readers on a tour of cities like Copenhagen and Utrecht, where everyday cycling has taken root, demonstrating cycling's proven effect on reducing smog and obesity, and improving quality of life and mental health. Interviews with public figures--such as Janette Sadik-Khan, who led the charge to create more pedestrian- and cyclist- friendly infrastructure in New York City--provide case studies on how it can be done, and prove that you can make a big change with just a few cycling lanes and a paradigm shift. Meticulously researched and incredibly inspiring, How Cycling Can Save the World delivers on its lofty promise and leads readers to the realization that cycling could not only save the world, but have a lasting and positive impact on their own lives\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
The Societal Costs and Benefits of Commuter Bicycling: Simulating the Effects of Specific Policies Using System Dynamics Modeling
Shifting to active modes of transport in the trip to work can achieve substantial co-benefits for health, social equity, and climate change mitigation. Previous integrated modeling of transport scenarios has assumed active transport mode share and has been unable to incorporate acknowledged system feedbacks.
We compared the effects of policies to increase bicycle commuting in a car-dominated city and explored the role of participatory modeling to support transport planning in the face of complexity.
We used system dynamics modeling (SDM) to compare realistic policies, incorporating feedback effects, nonlinear relationships, and time delays between variables. We developed a system dynamics model of commuter bicycling through interviews and workshops with policy, community, and academic stakeholders. We incorporated best available evidence to simulate five policy scenarios over the next 40 years in Auckland, New Zealand. Injury, physical activity, fuel costs, air pollution, and carbon emissions outcomes were simulated.
Using the simulation model, we demonstrated the kinds of policies that would likely be needed to change a historical pattern of decline in cycling into a pattern of growth that would meet policy goals. Our model projections suggest that transforming urban roads over the next 40 years, using best practice physical separation on main roads and bicycle-friendly speed reduction on local streets, would yield benefits 10-25 times greater than costs.
To our knowledge, this is the first integrated simulation model of future specific bicycling policies. Our projections provide practical evidence that may be used by health and transport policy makers to optimize the benefits of transport bicycling while minimizing negative consequences in a cost-effective manner. The modeling process enhanced understanding by a range of stakeholders of cycling as a complex system. Participatory SDM can be a helpful method for integrating health and environmental outcomes in transport and urban planning.
Journal Article
Commuting by bicycle (vs. by car) is associated with improved aerobic power, microvascular function and diminished CO2 output in the atmosphere
The study investigated whether bicycle compared with car commuting, over relatively small distances, has positive effects on physiological variables, cardiometabolic fitness and CO2 output in the atmosphere. Bike Commuters (11 M, 15 F; age [median value (interquartile range)] 51.5 (38.3–56.8) years; body mass index [BMI] 22.8 (21.0–24.1) kg m−2) were compared with Car Commuters (12 M, 19 F; age 47.0 (36.0–56.5) years; BMI 23.5 (21.4–24.9) kg m−2). In a longitudinal arm of the study, 20 Car Commuters were re‐evaluated after they switched for 24 weeks to bicycle commuting (Car→Bike Commuters). Measurements included peak aerobic power (V̇O2peak${\\dot V_{{{\\mathrm{O}}_2}{\\mathrm{peak}}}$) and ventilatory thresholds on a cycle ergometer, blood flow increase in the common femoral artery during a passive leg movement (PLM) test, energy expenditure and V̇CO2${\\dot V_{{\\mathrm{C}}{{\\mathrm{O}}_2}}}$ exhaled during commuting. Bike Commuters had higher V̇O2peak${\\dot V_{{{\\mathrm{O}}_2}{\\mathrm{peak}}}$ (33.7 (31.3–38.1) versus 25.3 (23.5–28.9) mL kg−1 min−1, P < 0.001) and ventilatory thresholds than Car Commuters, higher Δpeak blood flow (+25%, P = 0.04) and area under the blood flow versus time curve (+46%, P = 0.03) during PLM, and an enhanced skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism. V̇O2peak${\\dot V_{{{\\mathrm{O}}_2}{\\mathrm{peak}}}$ and PLM variables increased in Car→Bike Commuters. Metabolic CO2 output during bicycle commuting was ∼12 times less than that for a petrol car. In moderately active individuals, short‐distance bicycle commuting at moderate intensity was associated, compared with car commuting, with positive effects on several physiological functions and environmental factors.
Journal Article