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This paper presents Mni-EnCC, a temporal alligned Manipuri–English comparable corpus, to facilitate cross-lingual studies between Manipuri and English. Mni-EnCC has been created by collating text from two publicly published news sources in internet namely Sangai Express and Poknapham in Manipur. Though, both the publishers publish news in Manipuri and English editions, they are not the translation of each other. Almost all of the Manipuri editions are created using proprietary tools which generate texts in customized non-standard and non-unicode encodings. We develop tools to transform the non-unicode text into unicode text to generate the Manipuri corpus. We then verify and time aligned all the articles using a semi-automated process. Furthermore, the quality of the Mni-EnCC is evaluated using two premier cross-lingual studies: bilingual dictionary induction and machine translation. Experimental observations provide encouraging results making it as a suitable dataset for future cross-lingual studies on between Manipuri and English language pair. With an objective to promote cross-lingual studies in Manipuri–English, we also plan to release the corpus and supporting Unicode conversion tool.

Bilingual lexicon extraction is useful, especially for low-resource languages that can leverage from high-resource languages. The Uyghur language is a derivative language, and its language resources are scarce and noisy. Moreover, it is difficult to find a bilingual resource to utilize the linguistic knowledge of other large resource languages, such as Chinese or English. There is little related research on unsupervised extraction for the Chinese-Uyghur languages, and the existing methods mainly focus on term extraction methods based on translated parallel corpora. Accordingly, unsupervised knowledge extraction methods are effective, especially for the low-resource languages. This paper proposes a method to extract a Chinese-Uyghur bilingual dictionary by combining the inter-word relationship matrix mapped by the neural network cross-language word embedding vector. A seed dictionary is used as a weak supervision signal. A small Chinese-Uyghur parallel data resource is used to map the multilingual word vectors into a unified vector space. As the word-particles of these two languages are not well-coordinated, stems are used as the main linguistic particles. The strong inter-word semantic relationship of word vectors is used to associate Chinese-Uyghur semantic information. Two retrieval indicators, such as nearest neighbor retrieval and cross-domain similarity local scaling, are used to calculate similarity to extract bilingual dictionaries. The experimental results show that the accuracy of the Chinese-Uyghur bilingual dictionary extraction method proposed in this paper is improved to 65.06%. This method helps to improve Chinese-Uyghur machine translation, automatic knowledge extraction, and multilingual translations.

Language learners today exhibit a strong preference for free online resources. One problem with such resources is that their quality can vary dramatically. Building on related work on monolingual resources for English, we propose an evaluation framework for online bilingual dictionaries, designed to assess lexicographic quality in four major areas: coverage of lexical items, their treatment in the entries, access to lexical information, and presentation of lexicographic data. The proposed framework is applied to a set of six popular bilingual English-Polish dictionaries freely available online, established through an online survey of Polish learners of English.

The current increase in the use of mobile devices in the foreign language classroom has expanded the presence of lexical tools such as free-access online bilingual dictionaries. Unfortunately, their use is not adequately explained and regulated yet. This lack of pedagogical intentionality gave rise to a research study focused on the curricular integration of these types of dictionaries in the context of teaching English as a foreign language at the higher education level. This article documents the process that was carried out to design and implement a triangulation matrix that allowed an integrative synthesis of the data provided by the sample made up of four EFL university teachers through three data collection instruments. This integrative synthesis facilitated the identification of a series of factors associated with the curricular integration of bilingual online dictionaries. This identification led to a series of administrative, pedagogical, and didactic proposals aimed at strengthening said process in foreign language teaching contexts.

We use modern eye-tracking technology to scrutinize the process of sense and equivalent selection in polysemous bilingual entries. Our study subjects, intermediate and advanced Polish learners of English, consulted 26 Polish-to-English dictionary pages prompted with a sentence translation task. Throughout the task, an eye-tracking device unobtrusively recorded their gaze patterns, which are analyzed and discussed. Both successful and unsuccessful searches are examined. Also, we assess the potential of eye-tracking technology in the study of dictionary use. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

This paper measures dictionaries made by Polish Americans against the development of the Polish–English and English–Polish lexicographic tradition. Of twenty nine monoscopal and biscopal glossaries and dictionaries published between 1788 and 1947, four may be treated as mile-stones: Erazm Rykaczewski's (1849–1851), Władysław Kierst and Oskar Callier's (1895), Władysław Kierst's (1926–1928), and Jan Stanisławski's (1929). Unsurprisingly, they came to be widely republished in English-speaking countries, primarily the United States of America, for the sake of Polish-speaking immigrants. One might therefore wonder whether there was any pressing need for new dictionaries. There must have been, assuming that supply follows demand, because as many as eight Polish–English and English–Polish dictionaries were compiled by Polish Americans and published by the mid-twentieth century. The scant attention accorded this topic suggests a chronological approach to these dictionaries is in order, firstly, to blow the dust from the tomes; secondly, to establish their filial relationships; and, lastly, to evaluate their significance for the bilingual dictionary market. Poolse Amerikaners in die geskiedenis van tweetalige leksikografie: Die jongste stand. In hierdie artikel word woordeboeke wat saamgestel is deur Poolse Amerikaners gemeet aan die ontwikkeling van die Pools–Engelse en Engels–Poolse leksikografiese tradisie. Van die nege en twintig eenrigting- en tweerigtingglossariums en -woordeboeke wat tussen 1788 en 1947 gepubliseer is, kan vier as mylpale beskou word: Dié van Erazm Rykaczewski (1849–1851), Władysław Kierst en Oskar Callier (1895), Władysław Kierst (1926–1928), en Jan Stanisławski (1929). Dit is nie verbasend nie dat hulle wyd in Engelssprekende lande, veral in die Verenigde State van Amerika, ter wille van die Poolssprekende immigrante herpubliseer is. Daar kan dus gewonder word of daar enige dringende behoefte aan nuwe woordeboeke was. Indien daar aangeneem word dat aanbod op aanvraag volg, moes daar wel so 'n behoefte gewees het, aangesien agt Pools–Engelse en Engels–Poolse woordeboeke teen die middel van die twintigste eeu deur Poolse Amerikaners saamgestel is. Die min aandag wat al aan hierdie onderwerp geskenk is, dui daarop dat 'n chronologiese benadering tot hierdie woordeboeke geskik is, eerstens om die woordeboeke te herontdek, tweedens om hul onderlinge verwantskappe te bepaal, en laastens om hul waarde vir die tweetalige woordeboekmark te evalueer.

This paper aims to cast some light on three broad topics. Firstly, it elaborates on the concept of dictionaries as texts. Hence, they are compiled to provide assistance in several situations and are divided into sections that often represent different text types. Secondly, it defends that lexicographic equivalence is a parole phenomenon that is so much influenced by genre and topic conventions that practicing it, e.g. translating bilingual dictionary articles, requires skills that, to the best of our knowledge, have not been described in the lexicographic literature. Thirdly, reflections on the above topics are illustrated with the practice of translating the English dictionary articles of the Accounting Dictionaries into Danish and Spanish. They will allow us to comment on some peculiarities of specialized dictionary translation, i.e. a type of translation that shows some differences with standard text types such as journal articles, books and so on.

The article discusses the treatment of zero equivalence in an English–Slovene dictionary (ESD). The absence of equivalents in the TL is marked by two symbols: Ø (a complete absence of any equivalent) and # (equivalence at the level of the entire message rather than at word level). Sixty-five lemmata in the ESD contain a slashed zero, a hash or both, but one and the same entry can contain more than one symbol. Detailed results are presented by parts of speech of the lemmata, starting with a numerical analysis, which is followed by analysis of the content of illustrative examples. Then follows a detailed discussion of lemmata expressing pragmatic meaning in the SL, lemmata with lexico-grammatical, grammatical and lexical differences between the SL and the TL as well as lemmata with a number of SL senses included under one sense in the ESD. In the ESD, the problem of zero equivalence is mostly solved by the inclusion of translated examples of use. Another method employed in the ESD is the use of short descriptions of the function of the lemma or one of its senses. In this way, a more successful and thorough retrieval of information can be achieved with every look-up. Benaderings tot die hantering van zero-ekwivalensie in 'n tweetalige woordeboek. Die hantering van zero-ekwivalensie in 'n Engels–Sloveense woordeboek (ESD) word in hierdie artikel bespreek. Die afwesigheid van ekwivalente in die doeltaal (DT) word aangedui deur twee simbole: Ø ('n totale afwesigheid van enige ekwivalent) en # (ekwivalensie op die vlak van die volle boodskap eerder as op die vlak van 'n woord). Vyf-en-sestig lemmas in die ESD bevat 'n nul met 'n skuinsstreep daardeur, 'n hutsmerker of albei, maar een inskrywing kan meer as een simbool bevat. Die resultate word uitvoerig voorgehou volgens die woordsoort van die lemmas, en begin met 'n syferkundige ontleding, gevolg deur 'n ontleding van die inhoud van die toeligtende voorbeelde. Daarna volg 'n gedetailleerde bespreking van lemmas wat 'n pragmatiese betekenis uitdruk in die BT, lemmas met leksiko-grammatikale, grammatikale en leksikale verskille tussen die BT en die DT, sowel as lemmas met 'n aantal BT-betekenisse gegroepeer onder een betekenisonderskeiding in die ESD. Die probleem van zero-ekwivalensie word meestal in die ESD opgelos deur die insluiting van vertaalde gebruiksvoorbeelde. 'n Ander metode wat in die ESD gebruik word, is die gebruik van kort beskrywings van die lemma se funksie of van een van sy betekenisse. Op hierdie manier kan 'n meer suksesvolle en deeglike onttrekking van inligting gedoen word tydens elke opsoeksessie.

This paper details the four-year long lexicographic, terminological and translational process of gathering and editing terms for an English-Romanian dictionary of psychology with the help of sources licensed under Creative Commons. It discusses the process of collaboration between four teachers and students in Psychology from the West University. At the same time, it seeks to expound on a previously published paper (Bran & Pele, “Bridging the Language Gap in Psychology. Challenges in Developing and English-Romanian Dictionary,” 2025) with further theoretical content, more figures, and different examples. As we shall discuss, the result is a specialized bilingual dictionary suitable for anyone interested in psychological concepts and terminology.

This article discusses the concept behind The Lexicon of Active Bulgarian and Polish Phraseology [Leksykon aktywnej frazeologii bułgarskiej i polskiej] and provides an overview of the key aspects of the methodology used for selecting and composing the dictionary’s entries. The authors outline the theoretical underpinnings of this project, touching on the issue of interlingual equivalence, and explain both the process of selecting and verifying phraseological material and the methodology of presenting lexicographical information in the Lexicon. The article includes various examples of active phraseological units from both languages.