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In this study, we explore the impact of professional development (PD) on teacher empathy and engagement with emergent bilingual (EB) students in mathematics classrooms. Advancing Inquiry in Middle Mathematics for Rural East Texas (AIMM) a two-year A PD project, targeting teachers in rural schools, aimed to shift teaching beliefs from directive to connected approaches and to increase content knowledge. Three activities are described in detail. During the tasks, teachers experienced the perspectives of EB students, fostering empathy and enhancing their instructional strategies. Pre-post data and monthly reflections demonstrated shifts in teaching practices, highlighting increased use of cognitively demanding tasks and improved teacher-student interactions. Teachers reported greater cultural awareness and understanding of EB students, attributing these changes to the empathetic experiences provided by the PD. Our findings highlight the necessity of incorporating empathy in PD to support diverse students’ emotional and cognitive needs, ultimately promoting inclusive and effective teaching practices. These findings suggest that empathy-focused PD can mitigate unproductive teaching beliefs and enhance the learning environment for all students. In this study, we explore the impact of professional development (PD) on teacher empathy and engagement with emergent bilingual (EB) students in mathematics classrooms. Advancing Inquiry in Middle Mathematics for Rural East Texas (AIMM) a two-year A PD project, targeting teachers in rural schools, aimed to shift teaching beliefs from directive to connected approaches and to increase content knowledge. Three activities are described in detail. During the tasks, teachers experienced the perspectives of EB students, fostering empathy and enhancing their instructional strategies. Pre-post data and monthly reflections demonstrated shifts in teaching practices, highlighting increased use of cognitively demanding tasks and improved teacher-student interactions. Teachers reported greater cultural awareness and understanding of EB students, attributing these changes to the empathetic experiences provided by the PD. Our findings highlight the necessity of incorporating empathy in PD to support diverse students’ emotional and cognitive needs, ultimately promoting inclusive and effective teaching practices. These findings suggest that empathy-focused PD can mitigate unproductive teaching beliefs and enhance the learning environment for all students.

A limited number of studies have investigated how different genres of wordless picturebooks impact children’s interactions and story creations in the context of shared book reading. Employing a transactional theory as a guiding lens, this study explores second-grade Korean-English bilingual students’ dialogical patterns of interaction during interactive shared book reading, where different genres (i.e., realistic, fantasy, historical, & science fictions, folktale, and narrative nonfiction) of wordless picturebooks were provided. Using an open and a priori coding, eight codes are developed to identify the students’ meaning-making strategies when analyzing illustrations and building storylines of the wordless picturebooks. The findings present that the bilingual students engaged in deeper interaction with the pictorial images and utilized diverse but different meaning-making strategies according to the genres of wordless picturebooks. For instance, the students made greater personal connections and integrated a larger number of their emotional expressions when making stories from the fictions than the narrative nonfiction. Since elementary school curriculum lacks the pedagogy that includes visual literacy, the study suggests third spaces like Heritage Language schools can be desirable places to develop such essential skills. The findings provide implications that using different genres of wordless picturebooks can be an influential pedagogical instrument to help students develop their visual literacy competencies. Since pictorial images in wordless picturebooks display multiple layers of meanings, interpretations, and comprehension, teachers must acknowledge that students' voices and responses from different visual literacy should be valued during shared reading activities.

The socio-psychological variables that affect bilinguals’ choices of code-switching (CS) and code-mixing (CM) as a verbal strategy make prediction of their occurrence almost impossible. This research investigates the social motivations and socio-pragmatic aspects of Chinese-English CS/CM among Chinese undergraduate students. Using a questionnaire survey and interviews, the paper investigates attitude-behavior relations by considering patterns of language use and CS/CM patterns between Chinese and English in this group. The results demonstrate that the participants’ highly positive attitudes toward English and the CS/CM process play a major role in CS/CM use in their daily interactions. Chinese-English bilingual students draw on their proficiency and knowledge of the two language systems to precisely and effectively convey their thoughts, intentions, experiences, solidarity, emphasis, and other aspects that affect interaction outcomes.

Bilingual children are a more heterogenous group than their monolingual counterparts with respect to the sources of variation in their language learning environments, as well as the wide individual variation in their language abilities. Such heterogeneity in both individual difference factors and language abilities argues for the importance of an individual differences approach in research on bilingual development. The main objective of this article is to provide a review and synthesis of research on the sources of individual differences in the second language (L2) and heritage language (HL) development of child bilinguals. Several child-internal and child-external individual difference factors are discussed with respect to their influence on children’s dual language abilities. In addition, the emergent research on individual differences in bilingual children with developmental language disorder is reviewed. Both the theoretical and applied relevance of individual difference approaches to bilingual development are discussed.

Leadership takes on a tone of urgency when we are struggling for justice. At the same time, the right to lead - the agency to embrace a leadership identity - can also feel more distant when we are marginalized by the dominant society. For bilingual education teachers working with immigrant communities, the development of critical consciousness, pride in the cultural and linguistic resources of the bilingual community, the vocabulary to name and face marginalization, and a strong professional network are fundamental to their development of professional identities as leaders and advocates. Based on the experiences of 53 Spanish-English bilingual teachers in Central Texas, this book aims to explore, define, and understand bilingual teacher leadership. It merges the themes of leadership, teacher preparation and bilingual education and is essential reading for bilingual or ESL teachers, teacher educators and researchers serving an increasingly transnational/translingual student body.

The policy of strict separation of languages for academic instruction dominates dual language bilingual education programming. This article explores the dynamic bilingual practices of two experienced bilingual teachers in a two-way dual language public school in Texas and contributes to current research problematizing language separation. Data included interviews, field notes, and classroom interaction video in a pre-kindergarten and a first grade classroom. The instructional practices of the two teachers suggested powerful strategies to promote bilingual identities. Drawing on identity theory, particularly the notions of positioning and investment, we attempt to contribute to recent research offering teachers potential translanguaging instructional strategies. These strategies include: (a) modeling dynamic bilingual language practices, (b) positioning students as bilingual (even before they are), and (c) celebrating and drawing attention to language crossing. In combining these strategies, teachers move toward using students' bilingual language practices as a resource for academic instruction.

With increasing cultural and linguistic diversity in today’s classrooms, a growing body of research continues to explore the varied ways in which digital tools and multiple modalities can tap into emergent bilingual students’ academic and linguistic strengths. To understand the empirical landscape of this growing research, the authors systematically reviewed the literature on emergent bilinguals and digital multimodal composition in secondary classrooms. Through an inductive approach, the authors analyzed 70 studies to understand key findings and characteristics of the extant research. Five main themes of findings emerged across the research. First, a majority of studies illustrated how digital multimodal composing supports emergent bilingual students’ identity expression. With expanded opportunities to share ideas through multiple modes, students used their projects to bridge transnational identities, (re)present themselves, and communicate in empowering ways. Second, nearly half of the studies emphasized how the integration of digital multimodal projects can reshape classrooms by challenging language ideologies, transforming the classroom as a locus for social justice, and expanding temporal and spatial boundaries as students compose for multiple audiences. Third, many studies demonstrated how emergent bilinguals develop as designers and leverage the unique semiotic resources of multiple modes when composing. Fourth, approximately a third of the studies showed how multimodal composition offers emergent bilinguals opportunities to expand their existing linguistic repertoires. Finally, a quarter of the studies illustrated the potential of multiple modes to mediate learning during composing processes. The authors discuss the implications of these themes and critical new directions for future research on digital multimodal composing with emergent bilingual students.

Standards-based reforms in many Anglophone nations have been informed by monoglossic language ideologies that marginalize the dynamic bilingualism of emergent bilinguals. Recent developments in applied linguistics that advocate for heteroglossic language ideologies offer an alternative for standards-based reform. This article argues that standards-based reform initiatives will not be able to address the needs of emergent bilingual students unless they create ideological spaces that move away from monoglossic language ideologies toward heteroglossic language ideologies and implementational spaces that provide concrete tools for enacting this vision in the classroom. With a particular focus on the Common Core State Standards in the U.S. context, the article develops a vision for standards-based reform that begins to affirm and build on the dynamic bilingualism of emergent bilingual students. Specifically, the article explores two classrooms and the New York State Bilingual Common Core Initiative as starting points for theorizing how to develop ideological and implementational spaces that infuse heteroglossic language ideologies into standards-based reform initiatives while also emphasizing the role of monoglossic approaches to assessments in ultimately undermining the attempts that are currently being made.

The emergence in recent years of heteroglossic conceptions of bi/multilingualism and the related construct of translanguaging has raised questions about how these notions relate to more traditional conceptions of additive bilingualism, biliteracy, and the overall academic achievement of minoritized students. In this article, Jim Cummins provides a critical examination of both additive bilingualism and additive approaches to language education to clarify the nature of these constructs and to elucidate their instructional implications. He proposes a synthesis of perspectives that replaces the term \"additive bilingualism\" with \"active bilingualism\", that acknowledges the dynamic nature of bilingual and multilingual language practices and the instructional implications of this conceptualization, and that insists that education initiatives designed to promote academic achievement among minoritized students can claim empirical legitimacy only when they explicitly challenge raciolinguistic ideologies and, more generally, coercive relations of power.

Alongside the increased presence of students classified as English learners (ELs) in mathematics classrooms exists a persistent pattern of the marginalization of ELs. Educators have sought research to identify how to provide ELs with high-quality mathematics education. Over the past two decades, education researchers have responded with increased attention to issues related to the teaching and learning of mathematics with ELs. In this review we analyzed literature published between 2000 and 2015 on mathematics teaching and learning with K-12 ELs. We identified 75 peer-reviewed, empirical studies related to the teaching and learning of mathematics with ELs in Grades K-12 and categorized the studies by focus (Learning, Teaching, and Teach Education). We synthesize the results of these studies through the lens of a sociocultural perspective on language in mathematics. We then discuss avenues for future research and calls to action based on the extant body of literature.