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The aim of the research was determination the efficiency of application 50 t ha-1 digestate from the process of anaerobic digestion on the productivity of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) on moderately degraded (calcic gleysol) and fertile (chernozem) agricultural land, in southern Banat, Republic of Serbia. In the field experiment during three years digestate amendment led to an increase in the number of leaves by 28.56% and plant height by 5.34%, which led to an increase in yield by 3.40%. The maximum yield was 2018 (41.74 DM t ha-1) on chernozem. The yield of sorghum was lower on calcic gleysol compared to chernozem by 5.43% and was in positive, medium and very significant dependence on precipitation (0.61) and in positive significant correlation with digestate (0.53) and plant height (0.59). Biogas yield reach 157.05 Nm3 t-1 (9582 Nm3 ha-1) on chernozem with digestate. Digestate had a statistically significant positive effect on all tested characteristics of sorghum as well as biogas yield during all three experimental years. The use of digestate as a by-product in the process of producing biogas based on silage of sorghum, allows the substitution of mineral fertilizers and remediation of damaged soil, which contributes to sustainability from the bio-economic and environmental aspects.

Ancient wheats are characterized by high nutritional value, low nitrogen requirements, and good adaptability which make them particularly suitable for marginal areas or low-input agricultural systems. Among environmental-friendly fertilizers, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria represent a promising tool thanks to their ability to colonize soil and plant roots. In this study, a consortium of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria was applied on three ancient wheat varieties (durum wheat: Senatore Cappelli, Saragolla; emmer: Molisano). Colonization and survival of bacteria in wheat seedling roots were investigated on in vitro cultures. The effects of the bacteria on crop growth, yield, and grain protein accumulation were studied in a 2-year open field experiment (split-plot arranged on a randomized block). Three different fertilization strategies were compared: (i) one bacterial application at sowing, (ii) two bacterial applications at sowing and tillering stages, (iii) zero bacterial application. Scanning electron microscope imaging revealed the ability of the bacteria to colonize effectively seedling roots thanks to biofilm formation on root surfaces. In both years, double bacterial application positively affected plant physiology, growth, and yield. Plants with double bacterial application showed highest physiological traits, and resulting enhanced yield and grain protein contents. The applied bacterial consortium positively performs on ancient wheats, even if the magnitude of its success depends on timing and rate of application.

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are the residents of rhizosphere that are known to influence plant growth and survival through the production of various regulatory chemicals under a variety of circumstances. This growth promotion is accomplished by both direct and indirect means. Direct effects of PGPR encompass two major activities, that is, Bio-fertilization (Enhancement of nutrient uptake including nitrogen and phosphorous primarily) and phytostimulation (Production of plant growth promoting hormones). Indirect effects of PGPR are majorly contained within their ability as biocontrol agents that antagonize the growth and survival of phytopathogens either by the production of antagonizing chemicals (Local antagonism) or by the induction of systemic resistance throughout the plant against pathogens. The understanding of such diverse growth promoting abilities of PGPR has led to their application as potent biofertilizers for sustainable agriculture. However, further analyses of the agro-ecosystem with complex biotic and abiotic mechanisms should not be overlooked for their extensive commercial applications and future prospects.

A French black grape cultivar was tested in a private orchard in the Al-Hamzah Al-Gharbi region of Babylon province using the three-factor, three-replicate Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Biofertilizers like Bacillus megaterium and Mycorrhiza glomus fungus are applied to the soil at a concentration of 0 and 10 ml L-1; liquid organic fertilizer is applied to the soil at concentrations of 0, 15, and 30 ml L-1; and finally, organic fertilizer is sprayed on the leaves of the plants. The nanofluid in two different concentrations (0.1 and 3 ml L -1 ) during the entire year (2021). Averages were compared using the statistical program GenStat and the least significant difference (L.S.D.) test at the level of probability 0.05. The experiment included one sector (18) of the cultivar’s vines, with a number of experimental units distributed randomly in three sectors, and the number of vines was (54) vines for the cultivar. Here is a quick rundown of the most relevant findings: The results revealed that biofertilization at a concentration of 10 ml L-1 had a significant influence on most quantitative features of the yield, leading to an increase in the overall yield, which peaked at 36.2 and 38.6 kg. Vine -1 ., While the average number of clusters increased to 51.6 and 53.9 per vine with the application of organic nano-fertilization at a concentration of 3 ml L -1 , the highest value for total yield was attained at 37.0 kg vine -1 . The organic fertilization at a concentration of 30 ml L -1 had a significant effect on most of the quantitative indicators, leading to an increase in the total yield as it gave the highest value of 36.6 and 37.5 kg vine -1 .

The effects of the interaction between arbuscular mycorrhizal and phosphate-solubilizing (P-solubilizing) fungi on phosphorous availability, acid phosphatase activity, and the growth and development of coffee plants (Coffea arabica L.) var. garnica were evaluated. The experiment was performed under controlled conditions and was based on a randomized factorial design with two factors. Coffee plants were inoculated with a consortium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (CAMF), two strains of P-solubilizing fungi (PSF) (Aspergillus niger [An] and Penicillium brevicompactum [Pb]), the possible combinations of the latter fungi, and an uninoculated control. After 8 months, the results demonstrated the effectiveness of mycorrhizal and P-solubilizing fungal inoculations in increasing available soil phosphorous. The greatest concentration of available soil phosphorous was detected in the consortium of P-solubilizing fungi (CPSF) treatment at 3.8 mg/kg. The total foliar phosphorous concentration of plants was higher in the CAMF, An + CAMF, CPSF + CAMF, Pb + CAMF, and CPSF treatments in comparison to the control treatment. The growth of coffee plants was also favored by the consortium treatments (P-solubilizing fungi and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi). The acid phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere significantly increased under the CPSF treatment and also increased in the roots of coffee plants under the An, An + CAMF, and CPSF + CAMF treatments. Given the importance of fungal groups for processes of phosphorous transformation and absorption in coffee plants, it is imperative to continue the search for native fungal strains with high potential for use as biofertilizers.

The experiment was conducted in one of the fields of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, College of Agriculture and Forestry - University of Mosul during the winter season 2019-2020 to study the effect of three factors: three cultivars of broad bean (Histal, Fava da orto, and Luz de otono) and the bacterial biofertilizer (Bacillus subtillis) at two concentrations (without spraying and 1 ml L 1 ) and spraying with boron at three concentrations (without adding and 30 and 60 mg L 1 ) within a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The results showed that the Histal cultivar gave the highest significant values in the number of branches per plant and the leaf area of the plant, while the Fava da Orto cultivar gave the highest significant values in the total pods yield. The results indicate that there are no significant differences between the biofertilization and non-biofertilization treatments in all the studied traits. The concentration of 30 mg/L boron gave the highest significant value in the number of seeds per pod. The treatment of 1 ml/L of biofertilizer with 30 mg/L of boron in the Fava da Orto cultivar gave the highest significant values in the leaf area of the plant and the total pods yield.

Biostimulants that improve agriculture's productivity and environmental responsibility are widely favored and used. Algae has emerged as a viable option for sustainable agriculture. In the present study, the effects of the Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kütz. aqueous extract in three concentrations (2.5, 5, and 10 mg extract per mL of tap water) was tested on the growth and productivity of garden cress (GCR) Lepidium sativum L ., plants over 12 days, and the results were compared with those of the control group (irrigated only with tap water). The effect of the algae extract was studied by assessing the changes in phenolic compounds using HPLC–DAD and determining the chlorophyll content as well as the total antioxidant capacity of the GCR using DPPH and ABTS tests. Total phenolics, as well as total flavonoids, were measured. The potential role of algae extract in promoting cress plant growth was attained when compared to the control, mainly at a concentration of 2.5 mg/mL, which exhibited the highest yield growth after 12 days and presented the highest antioxidant capacity at 13.53 ± 1.16 mg Trolox equivalent (TE)/g dry weight (DW), compared to 10.44 ± 0.33 mgTE/g DW for the control. The total phenolic content significantly increased (p < 0.05) from 14.34 ± 0.84 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/ g dry weight (DW) to 23.14 ± 0.55 mg GAE/g DW. Eleven phenolic compounds were identified in different tested samples of GCR, whether treated or not treated with algae extracts. Chrysin was only identified in the treated plants. Therefore, the use of algae ( C. glomerata ) presents promising potential as a biostimulant in agriculture, contributing to increased plant growth and improved resistance to environmental stress.

The experiment was conducted at the gardening station of the Gardening Department of the Ministry of Agriculture located in the al hyndia region of the holy of Karbala from 1 April 2020 until the end of November of the same year to study the effect of fertilization with bio stimulator bioHealth and nano-nitrogen spraying and overlap between them and the effect on improving the vegetative qualities of Mandarin seedlings (local V1 and clementine V2) the experiment included the study of three factors the first factor included the study of two Cultivars of Mandarine seedlings(local and clementine) The second factor involved fertilization with biohealth and three concentrations (0, 5, 10 g. Seedling -1 ), the third agent included spraying with nano-nitrogen fertilizer and three concentrations(0,2,4ml.L -1 ). The results revealed that the soil application of bio-stimulator (Bio-Health) has a significant increment in all the studied parameters, under the treatment of B2 (10 gm. seedlings -1 ) which revealed the highest values compared to the rest of the treatments. The foliar application of nano-nitrogen fertilizer at N2 (4 ml. L -1 ) has increased the branch length, the secondary shoots number, the stem diameter, leaves area, dry weight of vegetative growth, and leaves content of chlorophyll in comparison with treatment N1.

The experiment was conducted in the fields of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape / College of Agriculture / University of Karbala in Al-Hussainiya district of Karbala governorate during the autumn season 2021-2022 to study the response of some chemical and qualitative characteristics of spinach variety Viroflay, with 2 factors, the levels of nitrogen fertilizer (urea) represent the main plots and the sub plots the fertilization treatments of the secondary panels (Sub plot) and the experiment included 54 experimental units, and the differences were compared using the least significant difference test (L.S.D) at a probability level of 0.05. The results of the fertilizer addition (biological fertilizer + poultry manure) to the T6 treatment showed a significant superiority in the characteristics of vegetative growth, as it gave the highest rates and reached in plant height (23.71 cm. plant -1 ) And the average number of leaves (11.77 leaves. Plant -1 ) and the dry weight of the shoot (8.97 g. plant -1 ). The addition of nitrogen fertilizer (urea) when treated with N100% resulted in a significant superiority in the characteristics of vegetative growth, and the highest rates were in plant height (22.71 cm. Plant - 1 ) And the average number of leaves (10.89 leaves. Plant -1 ), and the dry weight of the shoot (10.23 g. plant -1 ), The same treatment had a significant effect on the chemical indicators, as it recorded a clear decrease in the content of nitrates and oxalates, which amounted to (110.0 mg g -1 and 81.20 mg g.100 ml) Plant respectively.

Metal retention in wastewater fertigated crops poses a potential hazard to food chain. Current work demonstrates the bioremediation and growth-promoting potential of Acinetobacter schindleri SR-5–1 by using nitrogen-fixing (pea) and non-nitrogen fixing (linseed) plants under cadmium (Cd) and wastewater irrigation regimes. Both plants were grown at 250 or 500 CdCl 2 and 75 or 100% wastewater, each separately with and without A. schindleri SR-5–1 inoculation. The results revealed that Cd and wastewater significantly decreased growth, biomass, antioxidants, and nutrient acquisition through increased malondialdehyde, H 2 O 2 , and Cd accumulation. However, application of A. schindleri SR-5–1 significantly promoted morpho-physio-biochemical attributes while diminishing MDA and H 2 O 2 under applied Cd and wastewater stress levels in both pea and linseed. Further, PGPR inoculation positively influenced pea and linseed seedlings through a substantial decline in Cd accumulation in roots/shoots and retained the optimal level of essential nutrients. It was inferred that both pea and linseed, with A. schindleri SR-5–1 application, exhibited higher growth and metabolism under Cd and wastewater stress but substantial tolerance was acquired under wastewater stress. Studied plants exhibited tolerance in order of 75% WW ≥ 250 µM Cd ≥ 100%WW ≥ 500 µM Cd treatment under A. schindleri inoculation. Current findings revealed the potential of A. schindleri to be exploited both for bioremediation and bio-fertilization under Cd, and wastewater-polluted regimes to reduce metal contamination of edible plants. It was suggested that with inoculation of A. schindleri SR-5–1, 75% WW dilution can be applied for irrigation of both nitrogen-fixing and non-nitrogen-fixing crops.