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Poisoning the well : how forever chemicals contaminated America
This is the shocking true-life story of how PFAS - a set of toxic chemicals most people have never heard of - poisoned the entire country. Based on original, shoe-leather reporting in four highly contaminated towns and damning documents from the polluters' own files, 'Poisoning the Well' traces an ugly history of corporate greed and devastation of human lives. We learn that PFAS, the 'forever chemicals' found in everyday products, from cooking pans to mascara, are coursing through the veins of 97% of Americans.
BOOK
Heavy metal bioaccumulation in polymesoda erosa: a study on size variability and environmental source preferences
Polymesoda erosa inhabits mangrove forests and serves as a food source for local people. However, the accumulation of heavy metals in P. erosa may pose potential risks to consumers. This study aimed to investigate the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in P. erosa across small, medium, and big sizes and to assess the preference of environmental accumulation sources. Heavy metals were analyzed in the tissue of P. erosa : As, Se, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sn, Ba, and Pb. Bioaccumulation factors (BAF) were used to examine the bioaccumulation behavior. The results showed that Zn had the highest concentration in P. erosa for all sizes: small (11.13 mg·kg⁻¹), medium (13.54 mg·kg⁻¹), and big (13.69 mg·kg⁻¹). The total amount of accumulated heavy metals increased with P. erosa sizes, with values of 0.0655 mg, 0.2554 mg, and 0.5533 mg for small, medium, and big sizes, respectively. Although accumulated heavy metals were different in sizes, Bioaccumulation ratio of P. erosa was approximately 0.02 mg of heavy metals per gram of tissue for all 3 sizes. P. erosa was found to absorb more heavy metals from the water than from the sediment. In addition, target hazard quotient values (THQ > 1) indicated a potential non-carcinogenic health risk to consumers.
Journal Article
Arsenic contamination in the environment : the issues and solutions
This book provides an overview to researchers, graduate, and undergraduate students, as well as academicians who are interested in arsenic. It covers human health risks and established cases of human ailments and sheds light on prospective control measures, both biological and physico-chemical. Arsenic (As) is a widely distributed element in the environment having no known useful physiological function in plants or animals. Historically, this metalloid has been known to be used widely as a poison. Effects of arsenic have come to light in the past few decades due to its increasing contamination in several parts of world, with the worst situation being in Bangladesh and West Bengal, India. The worrying issue is the ingestion of arsenic through water and food and associated health risks due to its carcinogenic and neurotoxic nature. The impact of the problem is widespread, and it has led to extensive research on finding both the causes and solutions. These attempts have allowed us to understand the various probable causes of arsenic contamination in the environment, and at the same time, have provided a number of possible solutions. It is reported that more than 200 mineral species contain As. Generally, As binds with iron and sulfur to form arsenopyrite. According to one estimate from the World Health Organization (WHO), contextual levels of As in soil ranges from 1 to 40 mg kg-1. Arsenic toxicity is related to its oxidation state which is present in the medium. As is a protoplastic toxin, due to its consequence on sulphydryl group it interferes in cell enzymes, cell respiration and in mitosis. Exposure of As may occur to humans via several industries, such as refining or smelting of metal ores, microelectronics, wood preservation, battery manufacturing, and also to those who work in power plants that burn arsenic-rich coal.
Book
Pesticides, a love story : America's enduring embrace of dangerous chemicals
\"A provocative cultural history of pesticides and their controversial use and depiction in the United States. Mart contends that--despite the sharp concerns raised by environmentalists and others since the appearance of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring--Americans have not only never resolved the inherent tension between costs and benefits presented by these chemicals, but have actually grown ever more attached to them with the passage of time\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic properties of liquid crystal monomers and their detection in indoor residential dust
Liquid crystal monomers (LCMs) are used widely in liquid crystal displays (LCDs), which are dramatically changing the world due to the provision of convenient communication. However, there are essentially no published reports on the fate and/or effects of LCMs in the environment. Of 362 currently produced LCMs, 87 were identified as persistent and bioaccumulative (P&B) chemicals, which indicated that these chemicals would exhibit resistance to degradation and exhibit mobility after entering the environment. Following exposure to mixtures of LCM collected from 6 LCD devices, significant modulation of 5 genes, CYP1A4, PDK4, FGF19, LBFABP, and THRSP, was observed in vitro. Modulation of expressions of mRNAs coding for these genes has frequently been reported for toxic (T) persistent organic pollutants (POPs). In LCM mixtures, 33 individual LCMs were identified by use of mass spectrometry and screened for in 53 samples of dust from indoor environments. LCMs were detectable in 47% of analyzed samples, and 17 of the 33 LCMs were detectable in at least 1 sample of dust. Based on chemical properties, including P&B&T of LCMs and their ubiquitous detection in dust samples, the initial screening information suggests a need for studies to determine status and trends in concentrations of LCMs in various environmental matrices as well as tissues of humans and wildlife. There is also a need for more comprehensive in vivo studies to determine toxic effects and potencies of LCMs during chronic, sublethal exposures.
Journal Article
Accumulation of arsenic and other metals in soil and human consumable foods of Meherpur district, southwestern Bangladesh, and associated health risk assessment
Groundwater and soil contaminated with arsenic (As) are significant environmental health concerns worldwide and have become a serious health issue for millions of Bangladeshis. This contaminated groundwater is commonly used for Boro rice production during the dry season in Bangladesh, leading to long-term As deposition in soils. The consequences of long-term irrigation with As-contaminated groundwater for bioaccumulation in food crops and hence dietary exposure to As and other metals are a threat to the resident. Highly arsenic (292 µg L−1) contaminated groundwater used to irrigate in the study area increases the As content (mean: 24.5 mg kg−1) in irrigated soil than non-irrigated soil (mean: 8.43 mg kg−1). The high enrichment factor (mean: 16.8) and geo-accumulation index (mean: 2.33) revealed that the soil of that particular area is strongly contaminated by As. In paddy, roots showed the maximum As concentration (mean: 139.8 mg kg−1) followed by straws (mean: 5.25 mg kg−1) and grains (mean: 1.23 mg kg−1) where 85–95% As exist in the roots of paddy, and only 0.8–1% As translocate to the harvesting part of the rice in the study area. In food samples, two rice grains (R-1, R-3) and a drumstick (FS-5) exceed the Indian standard of As concentration (As: 1.1 mg kg−1) in food. According to World Health Organization, the metals concentrations in all food samples exceeded the permissible limit except for Cu and Pb in red amaranth; Cr, Cd, and Pb in guava; and Cu and Cd in drumsticks. Higher values of bioaccumulation factor (BAF: 2.94) and the net translocation coefficient (NTC: 6.17) indicate As-accumulation in food from adjacent contaminated soil. Daily metal intake from food consumption suggests that the heavy metal(loid)s like As, Ni, and Pb represent high concentrations and exceed the daily ingestion limits (As: 3 µg kg−1 day−1, Ni: 1.3 µg kg−1 day−1, and Pb: 3.57 µg kg−1 day−1) developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization and European Food Safety Authority. Carcinogenic (> 10–6) and non-carcinogenic (HQ > 1) health risks of As, Pb, Cd, and Cu suggest that the community was at potential health risk according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Journal Article
Potentially hazardous elements in sediments and Ceratophyllum demersum: an ecotoxicological risk assessment in Miliç Wetland, Samsun, Türkiye
Potentially hazardous elements (PHEs) are non-biodegradable and accumulate in places like water, soil, and plants where they endanger environmental health. There are a considerable number of wetlands having both national and worldwide importance in Türkiye. Regarding PHE accumulation, sediments and
Ceratophyllum demersum
were examined in the Miliç Wetland (MW), situated in a basin with intense hazelnut and rice farming, which is next to the international highway on the Central Black Sea Coast of Türkiye. The quantification of PHEs in the study subjects was undertaken using a validated inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method, and mean concentrations (mg/kg) of PHEs in the sediments were in the order of Al (13,133) > Fe (10,790) > Mn (205.84) > Cu (17.95) > Cr (16.40) > Zn (15.55) > Ni (11.74) > Pb (9.17) > Co (6.30) > As (2.07) > Cd (0.19). The ecotoxicological risk was assessed using sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) and certain geological indices, indicating mostly low ecological risk, low pollution, and no hazardous risk. Based on the modified hazard quotient (mHQ) classification of values, Ni showed low contamination, while Cd, Pb, As, and Cu displayed very low contamination, and Zn presented minor contamination. The findings of total lifetime cancer risk (LCR), hazard quotient (HQ), and hazard index (HI) identified that exposure of adults or children to sediments containing PHEs would not represent a major health risk. As a recommendation, it is necessary to avoid the direct entrance of agricultural pesticides and fertilizers to enhance the sediment quality of the MW. Since the highway was constructed close to MW, this is considered a significant source of human-caused pollution. Consequently, all PHEs analyzed, except for Cd, displayed a bioconcentration factor (BCF) value of more than 1000, indicating that
Ceratophyllum demersum
is a promising plant for phytoremediation in PHE-polluted ecological systems involving wetlands, and it can efficiently be employed as an indicator species in biological screening investigations.
Journal Article
Ecotoxicological evaluation of nanosized particles with emerging contaminants and their impact assessment in the aquatic environment: a review
Nanotechnology offers innovative solutions to environmental challenges, including wastewater treatment and industrial waste management. However, the widespread discharge of municipal sewage, industrial solvents, agrochemicals, heavy metals, and nanoparticles threatens aquatic ecosystems. While nanomaterials hold promise for pollution remediation, their high surface reactivity and small size facilitate biotransformation, increasing their environmental interactions and disrupting aquatic food webs, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. This review examines the adverse effects of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) on aquatic life, emphasizing their bioaccumulation in species. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles exhibit bioaccumulation rates of up to 86%, whereas copper nanoparticles accumulate at only 0.9 ppb. Affected organs include the gills, brain, and lungs, highlighting nanoparticle contamination’s widespread impact. Biofilms enhance nanoparticle adsorption and pollutant transport. This study introduces the bioaccumulation index (BAI), improving bioaccumulation assessment over conventional methods. Findings stress the need for regulatory frameworks, sustainable nanotechnology, and advanced monitoring to reduce environmental risks. Future work should focus on long-term toxicity studies, eco-friendly designs, and mitigation strategies. Integrating bioaccumulation models and risk assessment tools can help balance technological progress with aquatic ecosystem sustainability, promoting responsible nanotechnology for a cleaner future.
Graphical Abstract
Journal Article
Risk assessment of trace metals in Solanum lycopersicum L. (tomato) grown under wastewater irrigation conditions
Heavy metal contamination of food crop plants is viewed as a global issue. Heavy metals like cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), arsenic (As), cobalt (Co), and mercury (Hg) are poisonous. Depending on their concentration and capacity for bioaccumulation, they can provide a range of health risks.This research sought to investigate the effects of toxic metals (TMs) on the growth characteristics of produced tomatoes grown under wastewater irrigation. Additionally, it looked into the potential repercussions of both domestic and foreign individuals consuming this plant. In south Cairo, Egypt, two study locations were looked into: a control site in Abu Ragwan, which received water from tributaries of the Nile River, and a contaminated site in El-Shobak El-Sharky, which had raw industrial wastewater. The nutrients of soil and tomato plants (N, P, and K) decreased (
P
< 0.01), while TMs increased (
P
< 0.001) significantly as a result of using wastewater for irrigation. Except for Cu, all examined TM accumulating in tomato plants’ roots as opposed to shoots had a bioaccumulation factor (BF) > 1. However, the tomato plant’s shoot had solely undergone Pb and Ni translocation and storage, with a translocation factor (TF) > 1. A significant amount of Fe (5000.1 mg kg
−1
), Pb (360.7 mg kg
−1
), and Mn (356.3 mg kg
−1
) were present in the edible fruits. The ingestion of contaminated crops increases the daily intake rate of metals (DIR). The values of the high hazard quotient (HQ) were obtained (2073.8 and 2558.9 for Pb, 574.0 and 708.3 for Cd, and 41.1 and 50.7 for Fe for adults and children, respectively). Therefore, tomato plants grown in soils irrigated with untreated wastewater may offer a greater danger to human health, indicating that they should not be grown as a crop for human consumption.
Journal Article