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Crocodylians are highly vocal reptiles, possessing a complex acoustic signalling system including vocal and non‐vocal signals used for courtship, mating, mediating conflict, and providing maternal care. Despite this, research on crocodylian acoustic signalling remains infrequent, with methodologies and terminology varying widely across studies. Here, we systematically review the literature and standardise crocodylian acoustic signal descriptions, measurements, and terminology to establish a consistent foundation for future research. The compiled dataset included 22 publications, with 623 acoustic signalling observations and 53 distinct parameters measured across various species, life stages, and contexts. The American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) was the most frequently studied species and distress calls the most commonly recorded signal type. Significant variation existed in parameters measured across studies, with dominant frequency, call duration, and fundamental frequency the most common. We synthesised acoustic parameters from available publications into comparable values and units, and provide these as a centralised database along with a standardised ethogram including representative spectrograms, and a glossary of commonly used terms facilitating clearer cross‐species comparisons. Significant foundational level data gaps were identified with many species lacking defined repertoires, and notably, underwater acoustic signalling was rarely incorporated. We recommend shifting future research focus from distress calls to include a wider range of spontaneously produced acoustic signals, by individuals of known sex and life stage. The inclusion of a broader set of underrepresented acoustic parameters will also enable better cross‐species comparisons, and identification of encoding in crocodylian acoustic signals. We further promote the reanalysis of existing data incorporating these key parameters, along with increased collaborative efforts, to add valuable insights informing conservation without requiring additional fieldwork. Such strategies will support future research into crocodylian acoustic communication and guide the development of more effective monitoring techniques such as passive acoustic monitoring and machine learning as tools for conservation and management of crocodylians. Crocodylians are highly vocal reptiles, possessing a complex acoustic signalling system including vocal and non‐vocal signals used for courtship, mating, mediating conflict, and providing maternal care. Despite this, research on crocodylian acoustic signalling remains infrequent, with methodologies and terminology varying widely across studies. Here, we systematically review the literature and standardise crocodylian acoustic signal descriptions, measurements, and terminology to establish a consistent foundation for future research. Photo credit: Mr. David White.

\"A rich exploration of how the evolution of both natural and manmade sounds have shaped us and the world, and how the world's acoustic diversity is currently in grave danger of being destroyed. We live on a planet that is wrapped in the diverse acoustic marvels of song and speech. Yet never has this diversity been so threatened as it is now. Braiding his experience as a listener and an ecologist with the latest scientific discoveries, David Haskell explores the acoustic wonders of our planet. Starting in deep time with the origins of animal song and traversing the whole arc of Earth's history, he illuminates and celebrates the creative processes that have produced the varied sounds of our world. From the powers of animal sexuality and environmental change, to the unpredictable, improvisational whims of genetic evolution and cultural change, sounds on Earth are the products of and catalysts for vibrant ecosystems. Four interconnected sensory crises are currently diminishing the vitality of our sonic world. Deforestation is erasing the most complex communities of sounds the world has ever known. In the oceans, machine noise has created a living hell for the most acoustically sensitive animals on the planet. In cities, noise has resulted in dire sonic inequities among people, the result of racism, sexism, and power asymmetries. Last, in forgetting or being barred from hearing the voices of the living Earth, we lose both the experience of joyful connection and the foundation for ethics and action. As wild sounds disappear forever and human noise smothers other voices, the Earth becomes flatter, blander. According to Haskell, this decline is not a mere loss of sensory ornament. Sound is a generative force, and so the erasure of sonic diversity makes the world less creative. His book is an invitation to listen, wonder, belong, and act.\"-- Provided by publisher.

Animal vocalisations and natural soundscapes are fascinating objects of study, and contain valuable evidence about animal behaviours, populations and ecosystems. They are studied in bioacoustics and ecoacoustics, with signal processing and analysis an important component. Computational bioacoustics has accelerated in recent decades due to the growth of affordable digital sound recording devices, and to huge progress in informatics such as big data, signal processing and machine learning. Methods are inherited from the wider field of deep learning, including speech and image processing. However, the tasks, demands and data characteristics are often different from those addressed in speech or music analysis. There remain unsolved problems, and tasks for which evidence is surely present in many acoustic signals, but not yet realised. In this paper I perform a review of the state of the art in deep learning for computational bioacoustics, aiming to clarify key concepts and identify and analyse knowledge gaps. Based on this, I offer a subjective but principled roadmap for computational bioacoustics with deep learning: topics that the community should aim to address, in order to make the most of future developments in AI and informatics, and to use audio data in answering zoological and ecological questions.

In this study, we describe the calls emitted by Dendropsophus microps, a species of frog in the family Hylidae, in Serra da Mantiqueira, Campos do Jordão, São Paulo, Brazil, and evaluate their functions in the social context using playback experiments. Between October 2016 and November 2017, 15 males of D. microps were recorded. Six hundred and five calls were analyzed and the existence of five types of call compositions was verified: simple call “A normal”; compound call “Af”; shorter “A” call + longer “A” call; “A + Af” calls; and simple call “B”; demonstrating the presence of compound calling in the vocalization structure. One thousand, six hundred and seventeen calls were recorded during the playback experiment in response to the 5 previously constructed stimuli. The “B” call was the most emitted in response to stimuli. The “A”, “Af”, “AA” and “AAf” stimuli caused visual signaling. We recorded a series of 4 to 5 “A” calls during agonistic interactions. Call \"B\" was identified as an advertisement call and calls \"A\", \"Af\", \"AA\" and \"AAf\" as aggressive calls. The presence of visual communication in addition to the acoustic communication of these individuals was also observed. The findings increase knowledge of the calling repertoire of this species and can be used in the future in other behavioral and taxonomic studies.