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To explore the molecular mechanisms of the Litopenaeus vannamei response to infection by Photobacterium damselae, reveal its immune response and energetic metabolic effect, and provide a valuable genetic data source for the scientific prevention and control of Vibrio infection, transcriptomic analysis, RT-qPCR, and physiological and biochemical tests were conducted. The results showed that the expression of key genes involved in lipid and carbohydrate transport, such as apolipoprotein and TPS, was upregulated after pathogenic infection, which brought the accumulation of triacylglycerol and trehalose into the hemolymph. Additionally, the pathogenic infection selectively triggered an immune response in infected L. vannamei, activating certain immune pathways, such as the serpins and MAPK pathways. The pathogenic infection suppressed the activity of phenoloxidase (PO), and the prophenoloxidase (PPO) cascade responses were suppressed by the invasive bacteria. This paper will help us understand the energetic metabolism, immune response, and activation of the immune recognition response after pathogenic infection by P. damselae, and it lays a theoretical foundation for the biological prevention and control of P. damselae infection.

Bacterial activity, mainly Pseudomonas spp. plays a vital role in the fruiting process of white button mushroom, hence a rapid procedure to identify these bacteria is crucial. In the current study, the validity of commercial identification system, Analytical profile index API 20E to identify Pseudomonas isolates from mushroom casing soil were assessed. Using API strips fifty bacterial isolates from a selective medium (King B medium) were examined, all isolates were belonged to the genus Pseudomonas according to API 20E identification systems. However, only 74% of Pseudomonas bacteria were identified to species level. The molecular identification using 16S rRNA gene was used as a reference tool to identify bacteria at the species level. The results show that the accuracy of the system to classify florescent Pseudomonas to species level was 60%. This was species dependant, and the system accuracy were 100%, 87.5%, 81.3% and 63% in identifying P. aeruginosa, P. putida, P. fluorescens and P. tolaasii respectively. Our finding indicates that although the classification of the Pseudomonas genus with API 20E system is useful, but it is not enough to distinguish these bacteria to species level, genomic studies are necessary to confirm the exact taxonomic position of Pseudomonas spp.

Background: The aim of this study is to establish the contribution of blood cells subtypes on hemolysis. Methods: Separated blood cell subtype suspensions prepared with blood from 10 volunteers were serially diluted to obtain different concentrations of cell suspensions. The cells were fully lysed and cell hemolysates were added (1:20) to aliquots of serum pool. Thus, seven serum pools with different concentrations of interferent were obtained for each blood cell subtype. Biochemical parameters and serum indices were measured by an autoanalyzer. As cell lysis markers, free hemoglobin was measured by spectrophotometry while myeloperoxidase and b-thromboglobulin were measured by enzyme immunoassay. The percent changes in analyte levels of the serum pools were evaulated by Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test and compared with clinical thresholds defined for each test. Results: The clinical thresholds were exceeded in lactate dehydrogenase, potassium, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, magnesium, total protein, total cholesterol, inorganic phosphate, glucose for red blood cells (RBC); lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, total protein, inorganic phosphate and glucose for platelets (PLT). Free hemoglobin was significantly correlated with RBC (r=0.999; p=0.001), while myeloperoxidase and b thromboglobulin showed no significant correlation to white blood cells (WBC) and PLT, respectively. Conclusion: The effect of RBC hemolysis in serum on the routine biochemical tests are clearly established, yet, additional studies are required in order to verify this kind of effects of PLT and WBC hemolysis.

Buprofezin is a pesticide used to control planthoppers. The buprofezin residue may reduce the soil fertility by decreasing the essential microbes in the soil. This study aimed to isolate and characterizes buprofezin tolerance bacteria from rhizosfer of paddy at five marginal land of Srowot, Pageralang, Gunung Tugel, Tamansari, and Sokawera village, Banyumas Regency, Central Java. The bacterial isolate screened by growing on nutrient agar containing 2 ppm of buprofezin. The growing colonies were macro-morphologically observed. The growth curve and the generation time of the dominant colonies were analyzed. The selected colonies were cultured in nutrient broth containing 0, 5, 10, and 15 ppm of buprofezin. The selected colonies were characterized by gram staining, endospore staining, and biochemical test. Thirty collected-bacterial isolates showed five dominant colonies (SR1, PA1, GT2, TS4, SW1). The selected dominant isolates, SR1 colony was tolerant to buprofezin at 5 ppm and 10 ppm and GT2 at 5 ppm of buprofezin. The SR1 and GT2 were rod-shaped, gram-positive and endospore forming bacteria, white, and medium in size. The biochemical tests showed the SR1 were motile, had catalase activity, can ferment glucose, sucrose, and mannitol without gas forming, unable to ferment lactose, hydrolyze starch, positive result for MR test, but negative for urease, VP test, simmons citrate, H2S production, oxidase, and indole. The GT2 were motile, positive result for catalase test, carbohydrate fermentation (glucose, sucrose, mannitol, lactose) with gas forming, MR/VP test, simmons citrate, oxidase, and indole, but negative for starch hydrolysis, urease, and H2S production. The SR1 and GT2 were aerobic/anaerobic facultative bacteria. SR1 and GT2 were probably Bacillus sp.

Nanolights have already begun to find application in areas ranging from flat-screen displays to biochemical tests. And researchers are working towards even more ambitious uses in fields such as solar energy, DNA mapping, motion sensing and even surgery.

Fast detection and identification of microorganisms is a challenging and significant feature from industry to medicine. Standard approaches are known to be very time-consuming and labor-intensive (e.g., culture media and biochemical tests). Conversely, screening techniques demand a quick and low-cost grouping of bacterial/fungal isolates and current analysis call for broad reports of microorganisms, involving the application of molecular techniques (e.g., 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing based on polymerase chain reaction). The goal of this review is to present the past and the present methods of detection and identification of microorganisms, and to discuss their advantages and their limitations.

Background. Shigella, a major diarrheal disease pathogen worldwide, is the target of vaccine development. The Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) investigated burden and etiology of moderate-to-severe diarrheal disease in children aged <60 months and matched controls without diarrhea during 3 years at 4 sites in Africa and 3 in Asia. Shigella was 1 of the 4 most common pathogens across sites and age strata. GEMS Shigella serotypes are reviewed to guide vaccine development. Methods. Subjects' stool specimens/rectal swabs were transported to site laboratories in transport media and plated onto xylose lysine desoxycholate and MacConkey agar. Suspect Shigella colonies were identified by biochemical tests and agglutination with antisera. Shigella isolates were shipped to the GEMS Reference Laboratory (Baltimore, MD) for confirmation and serotyping of S. flexneri; one-third of isolates were sent to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for quality control. Results. Shigella dysenteriae and S. boydii accounted for 5.0% and 5.4% respectively, of 1130 Shigella case isolates; S. flexneri comprised 65.9% and S. sonnei 23.7%. Five serotypes/subserotypes comprised 89.4% of S. flexneri, including S. flexneri 2a, S. flexneri 6, S. flexneri 3a, S. flexneri 2b, and S. flexneri 1b. Conclusions. A broad-spectrum Shigella vaccine must protect against S. sonnei and 15 S. flexneri serotypes/subserotypes. A quadrivalent vaccine with O antigens from S. sonnei, S. flexneri 2a, S. flexneri 3a, and S. flexneri 6 can provide broad direct coverage against these most common serotypes and indirect coverage against all but 1 (rare) remaining subserotype through shared S. flexneri group antigens.

Preliminary diagnosis of fungal infections can rely on microscopic examination. However, in many cases, it does not allow unambiguous identification of the species due to their visual similarity. Therefore, it is usually necessary to use additional biochemical tests. That involves additional costs and extends the identification process up to 10 days. Such a delay in the implementation of targeted therapy may be grave in consequence as the mortality rate for immunosuppressed patients is high. In this paper, we apply a machine learning approach based on deep neural networks and bag-of-words to classify microscopic images of various fungi species. Our approach makes the last stage of biochemical identification redundant, shortening the identification process by 2-3 days, and reducing the cost of the diagnosis.

Bacterial blight, caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. punicae (Xcp) , severely impacts the global pomegranate industry, with alarming yield losses up to 80%. This pathogen becomes a glitch in the pomegranate industry, leading to reduced commercial pockets globally, especially in Pakistan. The objective of this study was to conduct biochemical characterisation and in vitro evaluation of copper compounds and antibiotics against Xcp , for optimal fruit quality and yield. The pathogen was isolated from infected tissues of the pomegranate, and various biochemical tests were performed to identify the bacteria. Pathogenicity was confirmed using the pin-prick and infiltration method on cv. Golden. The in vitro efficacy of antibiotics and copper compounds was assessed using the disk diffusion method against Xcp. The pathogen was aseptically cultured via the streak plate method, and disks impregnated with different chemical concentrations were placed on solidified media. A control disk was treated with sterile water containing 1% v/v surfactant. Plates were incubated at 28 ± 2 °C for 48 and 72 h to observe bacterial growth inhibition. Biochemical analysis showed positive results for the oxidase test, catalase test, KOH solubility test, gelatin liquefaction, and starch hydrolysis test, while Gram staining was negative. Antibacterial efficacy was determined by measuring inhibition zones after 48 and 72 h of incubation. The highest inhibition zones, measuring 29.55 mm and 37.73 mm at 48 and 72 h, respectively, were recorded with 550 µg/ml oxytetracycline hydrochloride, followed by streptomycin sulfate (550 µg/ml) with zones of 29.12 mm and 32.42 mm. In contrast, copper-based compounds, particularly copper sulfate (2000 µg/ml), exhibited the lowest inhibition, with zones of 8.85 mm and 8.86 mm at the respective time intervals. A comparative analysis demonstrated that antibiotics showed outstanding and prodigious results compared to copper compounds. The results of this experiment demonstrate the effectiveness of oxytetracycline hydrochloride and streptomycin sulfate in inhibiting the radial growth of Xcp under controlled conditions. Furthermore, changes in dosage/concentration, time of application, and field application method may help researchers with field-oriented results in the future.

Background COVID-19 is known as a new viral infection. Viral-bacterial co-infections are one of the biggest medical concerns, resulting in increased mortality rates. To date, few studies have investigated bacterial superinfections in COVID-19 patients. Hence, we designed the current study on COVID-19 patients admitted to ICUs. Methods Nineteen patients admitted to our ICUs were enrolled in this study. To detect COVID-19, reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed. Endotracheal aspirate samples were also collected and cultured on different media to support the growth of the bacteria. After incubation, formed colonies on the media were identified using Gram staining and other biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out based on the CLSI recommendations. Results Of nineteen COVID-19 patients, 11 (58%) patients were male and 8 (42%) were female, with a mean age of ~ 67 years old. The average ICU length of stay was ~ 15 days and at the end of the study, 18 cases (95%) expired and only was 1 case (5%) discharged. In total, all patients were found positive for bacterial infections, including seventeen Acinetobacter baumannii (90%) and two Staphylococcus aureus (10%) strains. There was no difference in the bacteria species detected in any of the sampling points. Seventeen of 17 strains of Acinetobacter baumannii were resistant to the evaluated antibiotics. No metallo-beta-lactamases -producing Acinetobacter baumannii strain was found. One of the Staphylococcus aureus isolates was detected as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and isolated from the patient who died, while another Staphylococcus aureus strain was susceptible to tested drugs and identified as methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus . Conclusions Our findings emphasize the concern of superinfection in COVID-19 patients due to Acinetobacter baumannii and Staphylococcus aureus . Consequently, it is important to pay attention to bacterial co-infections in critical patients positive for COVID-19.