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The other dark matter : the science and business of turning waste into wealth and health
\"In the world today, we face considerable challenges, and while new ones pile on, the old standbys of fossil fuel overuse, greenhouse gas emissions, resource scarcity, food security, and weather and water extremes like droughts and floods remain. Fortunately, scientists are studying myriad ways human waste can help. Science journalist Lina Zeldovich argues in The Other Dark Matter that human excrement is a resource, cheap and widely available, that can be converted into a sustainable energy source, act as an organic fertilizer, provide effective medicinal therapy for resistant bacterial infection, and much more. Zeldovich profiles the pioneers of this repurposing, including startups in remote African villages and those in American cities that convert sewage into crude oil and collect specimens from volunteers to treat patients battling superbugs. The Other Dark Matter begins with a broad overview of our history of excrement disposal. The author's vignettes touch on ancient Roman sewage systems, Medieval latrines, and other methods used around the world to distance people from their excrement. Today's immense, computerized treatment plants are only the latest in a long line of engineering marvels that have distanced us from disease, she shows, but, importantly, they have also caused considerable damage to our earth's ecology. Zeldovich explains the massive redistribution of nutrients and sanitation inequities across the globe, drawing on her research and many interviews\"-- Provided by publisher.
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Biogas upgrading, economy and utilization: a review
Biogas production is rising in the context of fossil fuel decline and the future circular economy, yet raw biogas requires purification steps before use. Here, we review biogas upgrading using physical, chemical and biological methods such as water scrubbing, physical absorption, pressure swing adsorption, cryogenic separation, membrane separation, chemical scrubbing, chemoautotrophic methods, photosynthetic upgrading and desorption. We also discuss their techno-economic feasibility. We found that physical and chemical upgrading technologies are near-optimal, but still require high energy and resources. Biological methods are less explored despite their promising potential. High-pressure water scrubbing is more economic for small-sized plants, whereas potassium carbonate scrubbing provides the maximum net value for large-sized plants.
Journal Article
Italian Biogas Plants: Trend, Subsidies, Cost, Biogas Composition and Engine Emissions
Italy is one of the leading nations in the biogas sector. Agricultural, landfill, sewage and manure substrates are converted into biogas using anaerobic digestion and, then, into electricity and heat by means of properly arranged internal combustion engines. In this study, after an overview of the European context, the authors present the Italian biogas sector status in terms of development trends and factors that favour/block biogas spread. Despite the fact that biogas is a renewable fuel and a consolidate technology, it is mandatory to examine its real costs, biogas composition and engine combustion products. For this purpose, in the present work, the authors selected six in-operation biogas plants fed by different substrates, investigate plants construction and operation costs and measure both biogas and engine emissions compositions. Biogas status analysis shows a high growth rate until the end of 2012 due to generous Government subsidies while, after supports reduction, a continuous depletion of biogas installations is observed. Alongside the development, established supports overlook also the plant size as well as the cost. In fact, the most widespread plant nameplate electric power is 1 MW while its construction cost ranges between 4.2–4.8 millions of Euros. Real on-site measurements show variable biogas composition while engine emissions are comparable with the natural gas ones.
Journal Article
Biogas Plants in Chhattisgarh (India): A Case Study
This study focused on evaluating the performance of biogas plants among the different district of Chhattisgarh State. Data from an existing biogas plants, located in Chhattisgarh state, was used for the performance evaluation of randomly selected biogas plants. Overall district wise biogas generation efficiency of Chhattisgarh plain was found to be 75.73 % and the efficiency was found maximum in district Mahasamund (83.50 %) and Durg (80.81 %) whereas minimum in district Raigarh (71.7 %). Average consumption or say use of biogas burner in the Chhattisgarh plains was found to be 3.75 h / day. However, the burner use-time varied with owner to owner from 2.70 h to 6.04 h /day. The district wise overall plant efficiency of Chhattisgarh plains was found 64.72 %, which varied district to district from 46-82 %. Overall performance was found maximum of 2 m3 plant (73.44 %) followed by 3 m3 (64.85 %). Minimum overall performance was found 8 m3 size (40.87 %) followed by 4m3 (44.62 %) size of plant. The overall plant efficiency reduced with increasing the plant size.
Journal Article
Modeling factors of biogas technology adoption: a roadmap towards environmental sustainability and green revolution
In a developing country such as Pakistan, adopting biogas technology is a complicated process. The government has taken several steps to address energy issues by increasing biogas facilities. This research seeks to identify the major barriers to the deployment of biogas plants. Respondents were selected using the snowball sampling method. As a result, 79 adopters of biogas plants participated. Utilizing a structured questionnaire, primary data were collected. Hypotheses were evaluated using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Study results demonstrate that all influencing factors are favorably associated with implementing biogas technology, minimizing energy crises, and achieving cost-cutting objectives. In addition, the findings show that properly reducing economic and governmental barriers, encourage farmers to use biogas plants productively and substantially. To build biogas facilities, the government should adopt an economic strategy, owner training, day-to-day operations, and professional technical assistance.
Journal Article
Optimizing Feedstock Selection for Sustainable Small-Scale Biogas Systems Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Small-scale biogas systems can play a pivotal role in sustainable energy provision, particularly in developing countries. However, their dependence on livestock manure as the only feedstock poses challenges to their adoption and long-term viability. This often leads to insufficient biogas production and plant abandonment. This study proposes co-digestion of livestock manure with other farm residues to enhance the technical sustainability of small-scale biogas systems by ensuring adequate and consistent biogas production throughout the plant’s lifespan, minimizing the risks associated with reliance on a single feedstock. A novel feedstock selection approach is developed using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), a multicriteria decision-making method, to prioritize feedstocks based on adequacy, supply consistency, and logistical ease. AHP is chosen due to its capability to handle both quantitative and qualitative evaluation criteria. This approach is applied to the Fès-Meknès region of Morocco, which offers abundant livestock and crop residues alongside product utilization pathways. The prioritization and ranking of the potential feedstocks identified in the region reveals cattle manure as the top-ranked feedstock due to its consistent supply and ease of collection, followed by straw, valued for its storability and nutrient stability. Sheep, horse, and chicken manure ranked third, fourth, and fifth, respectively, while household food waste and fruit and vegetable residues, limited by seasonality and perishability, were ranked lower. Based on these findings, co-digestion of cattle manure and straw is proposed as a sustainable strategy for small-scale biogas plants in Fès-Meknès, addressing feedstock shortages, enhancing biogas production, and reducing plant abandonment. This approach strengthens technical sustainability and promotes the broader adoption of biogas technologies in developing countries.
Journal Article
In situ Biogas Upgrading by CO2-to-CH4 Bioconversion
Biogas produced by anaerobic digestion is an important renewable energy carrier. Nevertheless, the high CO2 content in biogas limits its utilization to mainly heat and electricity generation. Upgrading biogas into biomethane broadens its potential as a vehicle fuel or substitute for natural gas. CO2-to-CH4 bioconversion represents one cutting-edge solution for biogas upgrading. In situ bioconversion can capture endogenous CO2 directly from the biogas reactor, is easy to operate, and provides an infrastructure for renewable electricity storage. Despite these advantages, several challenges need to be addressed to move in situ upgrading technologies closer to applications at scale. This opinion article reviews the state of the art of this technology and identifies some obstacles and opportunities of biological in-situ upgrading technologies for future development.
Upgrading biogas into biomethane broadens its applications and increases the value of biogas. Among these, in situ CO2-to-CH4 bioconversion can capture endogenous CO2 directly from the biogas reactor, is easy to operate, and provides infrastructure for renewable electricity storage.Although promising, several intrinsic challenges need to be addressed to move in situ upgrading technologies closer to scaled-up application.In situ CO2-to-CH4 bioconversion powered by renewable electricity could integrate multidisciplinary approaches including wind or solar energy technology, P2G technology, anaerobic digestion technology, and biogas upgrading technology.Bioelectrochemical systems are a potential technology for biogas upgrading and storing discontinuous wind/solar energy. However, their operating mechanism and scale-up feasibilities need to be further explored.
Journal Article