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The other dark matter : the science and business of turning waste into wealth and health
\"In the world today, we face considerable challenges, and while new ones pile on, the old standbys of fossil fuel overuse, greenhouse gas emissions, resource scarcity, food security, and weather and water extremes like droughts and floods remain. Fortunately, scientists are studying myriad ways human waste can help. Science journalist Lina Zeldovich argues in The Other Dark Matter that human excrement is a resource, cheap and widely available, that can be converted into a sustainable energy source, act as an organic fertilizer, provide effective medicinal therapy for resistant bacterial infection, and much more. Zeldovich profiles the pioneers of this repurposing, including startups in remote African villages and those in American cities that convert sewage into crude oil and collect specimens from volunteers to treat patients battling superbugs. The Other Dark Matter begins with a broad overview of our history of excrement disposal. The author's vignettes touch on ancient Roman sewage systems, Medieval latrines, and other methods used around the world to distance people from their excrement. Today's immense, computerized treatment plants are only the latest in a long line of engineering marvels that have distanced us from disease, she shows, but, importantly, they have also caused considerable damage to our earth's ecology. Zeldovich explains the massive redistribution of nutrients and sanitation inequities across the globe, drawing on her research and many interviews\"-- Provided by publisher.
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Biogas upgrading, economy and utilization: a review
Biogas production is rising in the context of fossil fuel decline and the future circular economy, yet raw biogas requires purification steps before use. Here, we review biogas upgrading using physical, chemical and biological methods such as water scrubbing, physical absorption, pressure swing adsorption, cryogenic separation, membrane separation, chemical scrubbing, chemoautotrophic methods, photosynthetic upgrading and desorption. We also discuss their techno-economic feasibility. We found that physical and chemical upgrading technologies are near-optimal, but still require high energy and resources. Biological methods are less explored despite their promising potential. High-pressure water scrubbing is more economic for small-sized plants, whereas potassium carbonate scrubbing provides the maximum net value for large-sized plants.
Journal Article
Italian Biogas Plants: Trend, Subsidies, Cost, Biogas Composition and Engine Emissions
Italy is one of the leading nations in the biogas sector. Agricultural, landfill, sewage and manure substrates are converted into biogas using anaerobic digestion and, then, into electricity and heat by means of properly arranged internal combustion engines. In this study, after an overview of the European context, the authors present the Italian biogas sector status in terms of development trends and factors that favour/block biogas spread. Despite the fact that biogas is a renewable fuel and a consolidate technology, it is mandatory to examine its real costs, biogas composition and engine combustion products. For this purpose, in the present work, the authors selected six in-operation biogas plants fed by different substrates, investigate plants construction and operation costs and measure both biogas and engine emissions compositions. Biogas status analysis shows a high growth rate until the end of 2012 due to generous Government subsidies while, after supports reduction, a continuous depletion of biogas installations is observed. Alongside the development, established supports overlook also the plant size as well as the cost. In fact, the most widespread plant nameplate electric power is 1 MW while its construction cost ranges between 4.2–4.8 millions of Euros. Real on-site measurements show variable biogas composition while engine emissions are comparable with the natural gas ones.
Journal Article
A Review of Biogas Utilisation, Purification and Upgrading Technologies
Biogas is a valuable renewable energy and also a secondary energy carrier produced from biodegradable organic materials via anaerobic digestion. It can be used as a fuel or as starting material for the production of chemicals, hydrogen and/or synthesis gas etc. The main constituents of biogas are methane (CH
4
) and carbon dioxide (CO
2
), with various quantities of contaminants, such as ammonia (NH
3
), water vapour (H
2
O), hydrogen sulfide (H
2
S), methyl siloxanes, nitrogen (N
2
), oxygen (O
2
), halogenated volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons. These contaminants presence and quantities depend largely on the biogas source, which could be anaerobic digestion of many substrates and landfill decompositions. The removal of these contaminants especially H
2
S and CO
2
will significantly improve the quality of the biogas for its further uses. In parallel, biogas upgrading market is facing challenges in term of operating costs and energy consumption. The selection of appropriate technology depends on the specific biogas requirements, site specific, local circumstances and is case sensitive. This paper reviews the present state-of-the-art of biogas cleaning and upgrading technologies, including its composition, upgrading efficiency, methane recovery and loss. In addition, biogas production, utilization and the corresponding requirements on gas quality for grid injection and vehicle usage are investigated. Based on the results of comparisons of various technologies, recommendations are made on further research on the appropriate low cost technologies, especially using solid waste as low cost materials for biogas purification and upgrading.
Journal Article
Modeling factors of biogas technology adoption: a roadmap towards environmental sustainability and green revolution
In a developing country such as Pakistan, adopting biogas technology is a complicated process. The government has taken several steps to address energy issues by increasing biogas facilities. This research seeks to identify the major barriers to the deployment of biogas plants. Respondents were selected using the snowball sampling method. As a result, 79 adopters of biogas plants participated. Utilizing a structured questionnaire, primary data were collected. Hypotheses were evaluated using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Study results demonstrate that all influencing factors are favorably associated with implementing biogas technology, minimizing energy crises, and achieving cost-cutting objectives. In addition, the findings show that properly reducing economic and governmental barriers, encourage farmers to use biogas plants productively and substantially. To build biogas facilities, the government should adopt an economic strategy, owner training, day-to-day operations, and professional technical assistance.
Journal Article
Optimizing Feedstock Selection for Sustainable Small-Scale Biogas Systems Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Small-scale biogas systems can play a pivotal role in sustainable energy provision, particularly in developing countries. However, their dependence on livestock manure as the only feedstock poses challenges to their adoption and long-term viability. This often leads to insufficient biogas production and plant abandonment. This study proposes co-digestion of livestock manure with other farm residues to enhance the technical sustainability of small-scale biogas systems by ensuring adequate and consistent biogas production throughout the plant’s lifespan, minimizing the risks associated with reliance on a single feedstock. A novel feedstock selection approach is developed using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), a multicriteria decision-making method, to prioritize feedstocks based on adequacy, supply consistency, and logistical ease. AHP is chosen due to its capability to handle both quantitative and qualitative evaluation criteria. This approach is applied to the Fès-Meknès region of Morocco, which offers abundant livestock and crop residues alongside product utilization pathways. The prioritization and ranking of the potential feedstocks identified in the region reveals cattle manure as the top-ranked feedstock due to its consistent supply and ease of collection, followed by straw, valued for its storability and nutrient stability. Sheep, horse, and chicken manure ranked third, fourth, and fifth, respectively, while household food waste and fruit and vegetable residues, limited by seasonality and perishability, were ranked lower. Based on these findings, co-digestion of cattle manure and straw is proposed as a sustainable strategy for small-scale biogas plants in Fès-Meknès, addressing feedstock shortages, enhancing biogas production, and reducing plant abandonment. This approach strengthens technical sustainability and promotes the broader adoption of biogas technologies in developing countries.
Journal Article
Biogas Plants in Chhattisgarh (India): A Case Study
This study focused on evaluating the performance of biogas plants among the different district of Chhattisgarh State. Data from an existing biogas plants, located in Chhattisgarh state, was used for the performance evaluation of randomly selected biogas plants. Overall district wise biogas generation efficiency of Chhattisgarh plain was found to be 75.73 % and the efficiency was found maximum in district Mahasamund (83.50 %) and Durg (80.81 %) whereas minimum in district Raigarh (71.7 %). Average consumption or say use of biogas burner in the Chhattisgarh plains was found to be 3.75 h / day. However, the burner use-time varied with owner to owner from 2.70 h to 6.04 h /day. The district wise overall plant efficiency of Chhattisgarh plains was found 64.72 %, which varied district to district from 46-82 %. Overall performance was found maximum of 2 m3 plant (73.44 %) followed by 3 m3 (64.85 %). Minimum overall performance was found 8 m3 size (40.87 %) followed by 4m3 (44.62 %) size of plant. The overall plant efficiency reduced with increasing the plant size.
Journal Article