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Biomarkers in Medicine is a comprehensive guide to understanding the current and future status of biomarkers. The book features 27 chapters focusing on disease biomarkers for diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiac diseases, metabolic conditions and much more. This book supplies readers with the unique insight of experts in multiple specialties in medicine and life sciences who have extensive experience in diagnostics and clinical laboratories. The book includes case studies and practical examples from different classes of biomarkers on different platforms, including new data for biomarkers in different therapeutic indications. In addition to presenting biomarker information, each chapter covers the relevant pathology and also emphasizes on preclinical and clinical manifestation of the disease process. Clinicians managing patients or clinical trials, clinical researchers, clinical laboratories, diagnostic companies, regulatory agencies, medical school graduate students, academic students, and the general public involved in healthcare delivery will all benefit from information presented in this book.

Many cancer patients are diagnosed at a stage in which the cancer is too far advanced to be cured, and most cancer treatments are effective in only a minority of patients undergoing therapy. Thus, there is tremendous opportunity to improve the outcome for people with cancer by enhancing detection and treatment approaches. Biomarkers will be instrumental in making that transition. Advances in biotechnology and genomics have given scientists new hope that biomarkers can be used to improve cancer screening and detection, to improve the drug development process, and to enhance the effectiveness and safety of cancer care by allowing physicians to tailor treatment for individual patients-an approach known as personalized medicine. However, progress overall has been slow, despite considerable effort and investment, and there are still many challenges and obstacles to overcome before this paradigm shift in oncology can become a reality.

Many people naturally assume that the claims made for foods and nutritional supplements have the same degree of scientific grounding as those for medication, but that is not always the case. The IOM recommends that the FDA adopt a consistent scientific framework for biomarker evaluation in order to achieve a rigorous and transparent process.

This completely updated and expanded 2nd edition of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, A Manual includes topics not covered previously with contributors who are at the forefront of each specific topic and with a global appeal.Each chapter is short and is presented critically with selected references, which should be valuable to a wider audience.

This guide covers the current state of knowledge on intrinsic fluorescent biomarkers and highlights advances in using these biomarkers for the metabolic mapping and clinical diagnosis of healthy and diseased cells and tissues. The book's first section introduces the fundamentals of cellular energy metabolic pathways as well as natural biomarkers within the context of their biological functions. The second section outlines the theoretical and technical background of quantitative, noninvasive, autofluorescence microscopy and spectroscopy methods. The last two sections explore applications in biochemistry, cell biology, and medicine.

This reference comprehensively covers the clinical aspects of head and neck neoplasms while also highlighting the relationship that exists between inflammation and these cancers. This relationship is critical as it dictates the risks, assessment, treatment, and prognosis of head and neck cancer patients. The book starts with an introduction to the inflammation ecosystem in head and neck malignancy, followed by detailed discussions on the types of head and neck cancers and their histological classification. The book then provides information about specialized topics relevant to the specialty of head and neck oncology. Key Features: - Comprehensive coverage of head and neck cancers with topic-based chapters - Introductory text explaining the basics of inflammation - Detailed information on the relationship between inflammation and head and neck neoplasms - Information about classification of head and neck cancers - Methods for diagnosis and treatment - Special topics such as complications caused by HPV infections, chemoradiation, immune-targeted therapy and inflammatory biomarkers - References for further reading The combination of basic and advanced topics makes this book an informative reference for medical students and professionals at all levels. Residents specializing in otolaryngology, oncology, and surgery as well as researchers studying inflammation will also gain an understanding of the subject in relation to oncogenesis.

Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers in both men and women worldwide. Early diagnosis of lung cancer can significantly increase the chances of a patient's survival, yet early detection has historically been difficult. As a result, there has been a great deal of progress in the development of accurate and fast diagnostic tools in recent years. Lung Cancer and Imaging provides an introduction to both the methods currently used in lung cancer diagnosis and the promising new techniques that are emerging. Areas covered include the major trends and challenges in lung cancer detection and diagnosis, classification of cancer types, lung feature extraction in joint PET/CT images, and algorithms in the area of low dosage CT lung cancer images. Part of Series in Physics and Engineering in Medicine and Biology.

Genomics is majorly impacting therapeutics development in medicine. This book contains up-to-date information on the use of genomics in the design and analysis of therapeutic clinical trials with a focus on novel approaches that provide a reliable basis for identifying which patients are most likely to benefit from each treatment. It is oriented to both clinical investigators and statisticians. For clinical investigators, it includes background information on clinical trial design and statistical analysis. For statisticians and others who want to go deeper, it covers state-of-the-art adaptive designs and the development and validation of probabilistic classifiers. The author describes the development and validation of prognostic and predictive biomarkers and their integration into clinical trials that establish their clinical utility for informing treatment decisions for future patients.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can become a chronic and severely disabling condition resulting in a reduced quality of life and increased economic burden. The disorder is directly related to exposure to a traumatic event, e.g., a real or threatened injury, death, or sexual assault. Extensive research has been done on the neurobiological alterations underlying the disorder and its related phenotypes, revealing brain circuit disruption, neurotransmitter dysregulation, and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction. Psychotherapy remains the first-line treatment option for PTSD given its good efficacy, although pharmacotherapy can also be used as a stand-alone or in combination with psychotherapy. In order to reduce the prevalence and burden of the disorder, multilevel models of prevention have been developed to detect the disorder as early as possible and to reduce morbidity in those with established diseases. Despite the clinical grounds of diagnosis, attention is increasing to the discovery of reliable biomarkers that can predict susceptibility, aid diagnosis, or monitor treatment. Several potential biomarkers have been linked with pathophysiological changes related to PTSD, encouraging further research to identify actionable targets. This review highlights the current literature regarding the pathophysiology, disease development models, treatment modalities, and preventive models from a public health perspective, and discusses the current state of biomarker research.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common and debilitating psychiatric disorder. Traditional antidepressants are of limited efficacy and take weeks to months to yield full therapeutic effects. Thus, there is a clear need for effective rapid‐acting antidepressant medications. The N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor (NMDA‐R) antagonist, ketamine, has received a great deal of attention over the last 20 years due to the discovery that a single subanesthetic dose leads to a rapid antidepressant effect in individuals with treatment‐resistant depression. Animal and human research suggest that ketamine's antidepressant effects are mediated by a glutamate surge that leads to a cascade of events that result in synaptogenesis and reversal of the negative effects of chronic stress and depression, particularly within the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Preclinical and clinical data have provided compelling insights into the mechanisms underlying the rapid‐acting antidepressant effects of ketamine. This review discusses stress‐related neurobiology of depression and the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of ketamine for MDD, along with a review of ketamine's mechanism of action and prospective predictors of treatment response. Research limitations and future clinical prospects are also discussed.