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"Biology Experiments"
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Backyard biology experiments
Introduces the field of biology with fun experiments readers can do at home.
Book
Visualizing the invisible : imaging techniques for the structural biologist
Knowledge of the microscopic structure of biological systems is the key to understanding their physiological properties. Most of what we now know about this subject has been generated by techniques that produce images of the materials of interest, one way or another, and there is every reason to believe that the impact of these techniques on the biological sciences will be every bit as important in the future as they are today. Thus the 21st-century biologist needs to understand how microscopic imaging techniques work, as it is likely that sooner or later he or she will have to use one or another of them, or will otherwise become dependent on the information that they provide. This book introduces readers to the many techniques now available for imaging biological materials—crystallography, optical microscopy, and electron microscopy—at a level that will enable them to use them effectively to do research. Since all of these experimental methods are best understood in terms of Fourier transformations, this book explains the relevant concepts from this branch of mathematics, and then illustrates their elegance and power by applying them to each of the techniques presented.
eBook
Awesome experiments with living things
Readers won t believe the amazing results of these fantastic experiments! This book introduces the science behind plants and other living things through fun hands-on activities. Simple language explains complex concepts, and step-by-step instructions with accompanying photographs make experiments accessible. Nifty tips help readers safely reach the best results.
Book
Pan-cancer analysis of NUP155 and validation of its role in breast cancer cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis
NUP155
is reported to be correlated with tumor development. However, the role of
NUP155
in tumor physiology and the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) has not been previously examined. This study comprehensively investigated the expression, immunological function, and prognostic significance of
NUP155
in different cancer types. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that
NUP155
was upregulated in 26 types of cancer. Additionally,
NUP155
upregulation was strongly correlated with advanced pathological or clinical stages and poor prognosis in several cancers. Furthermore,
NUP155
was significantly and positively correlated with DNA methylation, tumor mutational burden, microsatellite instability, and stemness score in most cancers. Additionally,
NUP155
was also found to be involved in TIME and closely associated with tumor infiltrating immune cells and immunoregulation-related genes. Functional enrichment analysis revealed a strong correlation between
NUP155
and immunomodulatory pathways, especially antigen processing and presentation. The role of
NUP155
in breast cancer has not been examined. This study, for the first time, demonstrated that
NUP155
was upregulated in breast invasive carcinoma (BRCA) cells and revealed its oncogenic role in BRCA using molecular biology experiments. Thus, our study highlights the potential value of
NUP155
as a biomarker in the assessment of prognostic prediction, tumor microenvironment and immunotherapeutic response in pan-cancer.
Journal Article
A Pan-Cancer Analysis of the Oncogenic Role of Cell Division Cycle-Associated Protein 4 (CDCA4) in Human Tumors
To unravel the oncogenic role of CDCA4 in different cancers from the perspective of tumor immunity.
Raw data on CDCA4 expression in tumor samples and paracancerous samples were obtained from TCGA and GTEX databases. In addition, we investigated pathological stages and the survival analysis of CDCA4 in pan-cancer across Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) database. Cox Proportional Hazards Model shows that high CDCA4 levels are associated with several vital indicators in oncology. On the one hand, we explored the correlation between CADA4 expression and tumor immune infiltration by the TIMER tool; On the other hand, we utilized the methods of CIBERSORT and ESTIMATE computational to evaluate the proportion of tumor infiltrating immune cells (TIIC) and the amounts of stromal and immune components based on TCGA database. The use of antineoplastic drugs and the expression of CDCA4 also showed a high correlation
linear regression. Protein-Protein Interaction analysis was performed in the GeneMANIA database, and enrichment analysis was performed and predicted signaling pathways were identified by using Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes. The correlation between CDCA4 expression with Copy number variations (CNV) and methylation is detailed, respectively. Molecular biology experiments including Western blotting, flow cytometry, EDU staining, Transwell and Wound Healing assay to validate the cancer promoting role of CDCA4 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
Most tumors highly expressed CDCA4. Elevated CDCA4 expression was associated with poor OS and DFS. There was a significant correlation between CDCA4 expression and TITCs. Moreover, markers of TIICs exhibited distinct patterns of CDCA4 associated immune infiltration. In addition, we pay attention to the association between the expression of CDCA4 and the use of the anti-tumor drugs. CDCA4 is related to biological progress (BP), cellular component (CC) and molecular function (MF). Dopaminergic Synapse, AMPK, Sphingolipid, Chagas Disease, mRNA Surveillance were significantly enriched pathways in positive and negative correlation genes with CDCA4. CNV is thought to be a positive correlation with CDCA4 expression. Conversely, methylation is negative correlation with CDCA4 expression. Molecular biology experiments confirm a cancer promoting role for CDCA4 in HCC.
CDCA4 may serve as a biomarker for cancer immunologic infiltration and poor prognosis, providing a new way of thinking for cancer treatment.
Journal Article
Automatic microtube capper/decapper system for clinical examinations and biological experiments
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing is an effective testing method for diagnosing infectious diseases, and it has been the primary testing method during the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. PCR tests (from specimen collection to result acquisition) involve a pretreatment process, ribonucleic acid extraction, and real-time PCR testing. From the perspective of infection and contamination risks, there is significance in automating the pretreatment process, where centrifuge tubes, cryopreservation tubes, and microtubes are used. Many automated systems have been designed for centrifuge tubes with screw-type caps; however, few systems have been designed for microtubes with press-type caps. Pipetting robot system for microtubes with press-type caps have been proposed; however, these systems use vertical articulated robot arms and are thus bulky. Small microtube cappers that can be incorporated into compact automated pipetting robot systems and are compatible with a wide range of microtubes have not been developed. Thus, in this study, we developed a small microtube capper/decapper system that can be used with a wide variety of microtubes. First, to clarify the required specifications for the microtube capper/decapper system, the shapes and opening/closing forces of 15 types of microtubes from 10 manufactures were measured. Then, conceptual, basic, and control system design processes were performed based on the identified requirements. Finally, a prototype model of the proposed microtube capper/decapper system was developed, and verification experiments and pipetting evaluation experiment with a Cartesian robot were performed. The results confirmed that the proposed system can open and close the caps of 15 different types microtubes and the proposed microtube capper/decapper can be incorporated into a Cartesian robot system to perform pipetting tasks. Although its operation time was longer than that of a human operator, it will help reduce the burden on operators, decrease infection risks, and improve the reliability of the results of clinical examinations and biological experiments. We believe that the proposed system can be used to automate similar tasks in not only the pretreatment process of PCR tests but also a wide range of clinical examinations and biological experiments.
Journal Article
Meselson, Stahl, and the Replication of DNA
In 1957 two young scientists, Matthew Meselson and Frank Stahl, produced a landmark experiment confirming that DNA replicates as predicted by the double helix structure Watson and Crick had recently proposed. It also gained immediate renown as a \"most beautiful\" experiment whose beauty was tied to its simplicity. Yet the investigative path that led to the experiment was anything but simple, Frederic L. Holmes shows in this masterful account of Meselson and Stahl's quest.This book vividly reconstructs the complex route that led to the Meselson-Stahl experiment and provides an inside view of day-to-day scientific research--its unpredictability, excitement, intellectual challenge, and serendipitous windfalls, as well as its frustrations, unexpected diversions away from original plans, and chronic uncertainty. Holmes uses research logs, experimental films, correspondence, and interviews with the participants to record the history of Meselson and Stahl's research, from their first thinking about the problem through the publication of their dramatic results. Holmes also reviews the scientific community's reception of the experiment, the experiment's influence on later investigations, and the reasons for its reputation as an exceptionally beautiful experiment.
eBook