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Basics in human evolution
Basics in Human Evolution offers a broad view of evolutionary biology and medicine.The book is written for a non-expert audience, providing accessible and convenient content that will appeal to numerous readers across the interdisciplinary field.From evolutionary theory, to cultural evolution, this book fills gaps in the readers' knowledge from.
eBook
Treating juvenile idiopathic arthritis to target: recommendations of an international task force
Recent therapeutic advances in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) have made remission an achievable goal for most patients. Reaching this target leads to improved outcomes. The objective was to develop recommendations for treating JIA to target. A Steering Committee formulated a set of recommendations based on evidence derived from a systematic literature review. These were subsequently discussed, amended and voted on by an international Task Force of 30 paediatric rheumatologists in a consensus-based, Delphi-like procedure. Although the literature review did not reveal trials that compared a treat-to-target approach with another or no strategy, it provided indirect evidence regarding an optimised approach to therapy that facilitated development of recommendations. The group agreed on six overarching principles and eight recommendations. The main treatment target, which should be based on a shared decision with parents/patients, was defined as remission, with the alternative target of low disease activity. The frequency and timeline of follow-up evaluations to ensure achievement and maintenance of the target depend on JIA category and level of disease activity. Additional recommendations emphasise the importance of ensuring adequate growth and development and avoiding long-term systemic glucocorticoid administration to maintain the target. All items were agreed on by more than 80% of the members of the Task Force. A research agenda was formulated. The Task Force developed recommendations for treating JIA to target, being aware that the evidence is not strong and needs to be expanded by future research. These recommendations can inform various stakeholders about strategies to reach optimal outcomes for JIA.
Journal Article
A brief illustrated history of life on Earth
\"[This book] charts the evolution of living species all the way from 2.5 billion years ago, through the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods and right through to today\"--Amazon.com.
Book
The crown-of-thorns seastar species complex: knowledge on the biology and ecology of five corallivorous Acanthaster species
Coral-eating crown-of-thorns seastars (CoTS,
Acanthaster
spp.) are major contributors to the coral reef crises across the Indo-Pacific region. Until recently, CoTS throughout the Indo-Pacific were regarded to be a single species,
Acanthaster planci
. However, genetic and morphological analyses demonstrated that there are at least four distinct species:
Acanthaster benziei
in the Red Sea,
Acanthaster mauritiensis
and
A. planci
in the Indian Ocean, and
Acanthaster
cf.
solaris
in the western Pacific.
Acanthaster
cf.
ellisii
in the eastern Pacific needs more taxonomic attention. Here, we review the biological knowledge for each species adapting a pragmatic geographical species definition and using a systematic literature review complemented with more focused searches for individual species. The vast majority of CoTS research (88%) was conducted on
A.
cf.
solaris
, with much of this research undertaken on the Great Barrier Reef or in Japan. Many studies of
A.
cf.
solaris
are focused on monitoring or documenting incidences of outbreaks, though there is a solid base of knowledge on larval, juvenile and adult ecology derived from field and laboratory experiments. By contrast, most of the published studies on the four remaining species simply document cases of population outbreaks. The major taxonomic bias in CoTS research constitutes a significant limitation for understanding and managing these species for two reasons. First, even for
A.
cf.
solaris
, which is the most studied species, limited fundamental knowledge of their biology and ecology constrains understanding of the drivers of outbreaks and hinders corresponding management actions for prevention and control of these events. Second, understanding and management of other species are predicated on the assumption that all CoTS species have similar biology and behaviour, an unsatisfying assumption for ecosystem management.
Journal Article
Your guide to life on Earth
\"What exactly is a living thing? What is it made of? Your Guide to Life on Earth starts with the very basics of life and provides bite-sized chunks of information to explain in an easy-to-understand way the science behind the mystery of life on Earth\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Application of systems biology-based in silico tools to optimize treatment strategy identification in Still’s disease
Background
Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) and adult-onset Still’s disease (AOSD) are manifestations of an autoinflammatory disorder with complex pathophysiology and significant morbidity, together also termed Still’s disease. The objective of the current study is to set in silico models based on systems biology and investigate the optimal treat-to-target strategy for Still’s disease as a proof-of-concept of the modeling approach.
Methods
Molecular characteristics of Still’s disease and data on biological inhibitors of interleukin (IL)-1 (anakinra, canakinumab), IL-6 (tocilizumab, sarilumab), and glucocorticoids as well as conventional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs, methotrexate) were used to construct
in silico
mechanisms of action (MoA) models by means of Therapeutic Performance Mapping System (TPMS) technology. TPMS combines artificial neuronal networks, sampling-based methods, and artificial intelligence. Model outcomes were validated with published expression data from sJIA patients.
Results
Biologicals demonstrated more pathophysiology-directed efficiency than non-biological drugs. IL-1 blockade mainly acts on proteins implicated in the innate immune system, while IL-6 signaling blockade has a weaker effect on innate immunity and rather affects adaptive immune mechanisms. The MoA models showed that in the autoinflammatory/systemic phases of Still’s disease, in which the innate immunity plays a pivotal role, the IL-1β-neutralizing antibody canakinumab is more efficient than the IL-6 receptor-inhibiting antibody tocilizumab. MoA models reproduced 67% of the information obtained from expression data.
Conclusions
Systems biology-based modeling supported the preferred use of biologics as an immunomodulatory treatment strategy for Still’s disease. Our results reinforce the role for IL-1 blockade on innate immunity regulation, which is critical in systemic autoinflammatory diseases. This further encourages early use on Still’s disease IL-1 blockade to prevent the development of disease or drug-related complications. Further analysis at the clinical level will validate the findings and help determining the timeframe of the window of opportunity for canakinumab treatment.
Journal Article
Lipid profiles in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis
Objective
The purpose of this study was to comprehensively evaluate the lipid profiles in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).
Methods
The literature and relevant reviews were searched for published clinical studies on the relationship between JIA and blood lipid levels. The Newcastle–Ottawa scale (NOS) was applied to evaluate the risk and methodological value of the included case‒control and cohort studies. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals were derived for all variables with adequate unprocessed data. This meta-analysis followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines.
Results
In total, 16 studies were incorporated through screening. The analysis findings revealed that the levels of very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [SMD=-0.411, 95% CI (-0.774~-0.048),
P
= 0.026], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [SMD=-0.528, 95% CI (-0.976~-0.079),
P
= 0.021], and apolipoprotein A1 [SMD=-1.050, 95% CI (-1.452~-0.647),
P
= 0.000] in JIA patients were statistically lower than those observed in healthy controls. The level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [SMD = 0.202, 95% CI (0.003 ~ 0.400),
P
= 0.046] was significantly higher in JIA patients than in healthy controls. In JIA patients, body mass index [SMD=-0.189, 95% CI (-0.690 ~ 0.311),
P
= 0.459], high-density lipoprotein [SMD =-1.235, 95% CI (-2.845 ~ 0.374),
P
= 0.133), low-density lipoprotein [SMD = 0.616, 95% CI (-0.813 ~ 2.046),
P
= 0.398), triglycerides (SMD = 0.278, 95% CI (-0.182 ~ 0.738),
P
= 0.236], total cholesterol [SMD=-0.073, 95% CI (-0.438 ~ 0.293),
P
= 0.696] and apolipoprotein B levels [SMD = 0.226, 95% CI (-0.133 ~ 0.585),
P
= 0.217] were not significantly different from those in healthy controls.
Conclusions
The outcomes of this meta-analysis suggest that dyslipidemia is common in JIA patients compared to healthy controls. Patients with JIA have a significantly increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease later in life.
Journal Article