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"Biosecurity"
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Man versus microbe : what will it take to win?
\"The COVID-19 pandemic that swept the world in the early 2020s killed more than five million people, delivered unimaginable human suffering and $22 trillion in lost global growth. We weren't prepared and should have been. Unravelling the secrets of microbes, an invisible parallel universe of tiny life forms all around us, is central to managing the big twenty-first-century challenges of pandemics, bioterrorism, food security and climate change. Scientists, technologists, entrepreneurs and political leaders are racing to decode this biological realm with powerful new tools to extend human lifespans and make the world safer and more prosperous. Yet such technologies need to be handled with care. The price of getting this wrong will be unbearable. Man Versus Microbe is about humanity's competitive, symbiotic and precarious relationship with the microbial world. Brian Bremner (Executive Editor, Bloomberg) offers a book on the exhilarating fields of synthetic biology and genetics, abundant with material on emerging technologies to deepen one's understanding of how virus hunters chase bugs or how geneticists unlock the workings of a microbe's constituent DNA. This book is for readers who want to learn more about humanity's fight to contain future pandemics and better understand the risks and opportunities of living in the world of microbes. After navigating through a disruptive pandemic, we are all amateur epidemiologists now\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
A Survey of Biosecurity Measures on Large Commercial Hungarian Pig Farms
Biosecurity is a key determinant of herd health, production efficiency, and disease prevention in modern pig farming under the continuing pressure of endemic and transboundary pathogens. The aim of this study was to assess external and internal biosecurity measures, together with selected disinfection-related practices, on 19 large commercial Hungarian pig farms representing farrowing, weaner, and fattening units. A convenience-sample, questionnaire-based survey was conducted between November 2020 and March 2021 among farm veterinarians, and the data were evaluated descriptively. Several external biosecurity elements were common, including perimeter fencing, careful animal sourcing, extended quarantine periods, and restrictive entry hygiene. However, weaknesses remained, particularly in feed-vehicle entry across the fence line, disinfection infrastructure, and feed storage protection. Internal biosecurity was more consistently implemented in farrowing, nursery, and fattening units than in sow units, while limitations in all-in/all-out management, airspace separation, inter-unit movement, hygiene barriers, and shared equipment management may increase within-farm pathogen transmission. These findings suggest that important biosecurity measures were widely applied, but their consistency and practical quality varied across key risk points. Owing to the small convenience sample, the results should be interpreted as descriptive findings for the surveyed farms.
Journal Article
Biosecurity dilemmas : dreaded diseases, ethical responses, and the health of nations
Biosecurity Dilemmas examines conflicting values and interests in the practice of \"biosecurity,\" the safeguarding of populations against infectious diseases through security policies. Biosecurity encompasses both the natural occurrence of deadly disease outbreaks and the deliberate or accidental release of biological weapons. Enemark focuses on six dreaded diseases that are given high-priority by governments and international organizations for research, regulation, surveillance, and rapid response: pandemic influenza, drug-resistant tuberculosis, smallpox, Ebola virus, bubonic plague, and anthrax. The book is organized around four ethical dilemmas that arise when fear causes these diseases to be framed in terms of national or international security: protect or proliferate, secure or stifle, remedy or overkill, and attention or neglect. For instance, will prioritizing research into defending against a rare event such as a bioterrorist attack divert funds away from research into commonly occurring diseases? Or will securitizing a particular disease actually stifle research progress due to security classification measures? Enemark provides a comprehensive analysis of the ethics of securitizing disease and explores ideas and policy recommendations about biological arms control, global health security, and public health ethics.
Book
Ethical, legal, and social issues in the Earth BioGenome Project
The Earth BioGenome Project (EBP) is an audacious endeavor to obtain whole-genome sequences of representatives from all eukaryotic species on Earth. In addition to the project’s technical and organizational challenges, it also faces complicated ethical, legal, and social issues. This paper, from members of the EBP’s Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues (ELSI) Committee, catalogs these ELSI concerns arising from EBP. These include legal issues, such as sample collection and permitting; the applicability of international treaties, such as the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Nagoya Protocol; intellectual property; sample accessioning; and biosecurity and ethical issues, such as sampling from the territories of Indigenous peoples and local communities, the protection of endangered species, and cross-border collections, among several others. We also comment on the intersection of digital sequence information and data rights. More broadly, this list of ethical, legal, and social issues for large-scale genomic sequencing projects may be useful in the consideration of ethical frameworks for future projects. While we do not—and cannot—provide simple, overarching solutions for all the issues raised here, we conclude our perspective by beginning to chart a path forward for EBP’s work
Journal Article
Assessing Biosecurity Compliance in Poultry Farms: A Survey in a Densely Populated Poultry Area in North East Italy
Biosecurity in poultry farms represents the first line of defense against the entry and spread of pathogens that may have animal health, food safety, and economic consequences. The aim of this study was to assess biosecurity compliance in poultry farms located in a densely populated poultry area in North East Italy. A total of 259 poultry farms (i.e., broilers, turkeys, and layers) were surveyed between 2018 and 2019 using standardized checklists, and differences in biosecurity compliance between the poultry sectors and years (only for turkey farms) were tested for significance. Among the three sectors, turkey farms showed the highest compliance. Farm hygiene, infrastructure condition, cleaning and disinfection tools, and procedures were the biosecurity measures most complied with. Some deficiencies were observed in the cleanliness of the farm hygiene lock in broiler farms, as well as the presence of the house hygiene lock in broiler and layer farms and an adequate coverage of built-up litter in turkey and broiler farms. In conclusion, this study highlighted a generally high level of biosecurity in the visited poultry farms (probably due to the stringent national regulation and the integration of the poultry industry) and identified some measures that still need to be improved.
Journal Article
Biosecurity : preventing biological warfare
\"What is bioterrorism and how can the United States prepare and defend itself from this threat? Through interviews with soldiers, discover how the US military trains against bioweapons and what can be done to prevent such catastrophes from happening\"--Back cover.
Book
Global Burden of Lumpy Skin Disease, Outbreaks, and Future Challenges
Lumpy skin disease (LSD), a current global concern, causes economic devastation in livestock industries, with cattle and water buffalo reported to have higher morbidity and lower mortality rates. LSD is caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), a member of the Poxviridae family. It is an enzootic, rapidly explorative and sometimes fatal infection, characterized by multiple raised nodules on the skin of infected animals. It was first reported in Zambia in 1929 and is considered endemic in Africa south of the Sahara desert. It has gradually spread beyond Africa into the Middle East, with periodic occurrences in Asian and East European countries. Recently, it has been spreading in most Asian countries including far East Asia and threatens incursion to LSD-free countries. Rapid and accurate diagnostic capabilities, virus identification, vaccine development, vector control, regional and international collaborations and effective biosecurity policies are important for the control, prevention, and eradication of LSD infections. This review critically evaluates the global burden of LSD, the chronological historical outbreaks of LSD, and future directions for collaborative global actions.
Journal Article