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Corporate crops : biotechnology, agriculture, and the struggle for control
Biotechnology crop production area increased from 1.7 million hectares to 148 million hectares worldwide between 1996 to 2010. While genetically modified food is a contentious issue, the debates are usually limited to health and environmental concerns, ignoring the broader questions of social control that arise when food production methods become corporate-owned intellectual property. Drawing on legal documents and dozens of interviews with farmers and other stakeholders, Corporate Crops covers four case studies based around litigation between biotechnology corporations and farmers. Pechlaner investigates the extent to which the proprietary aspects of biotechnologies—from patents on seeds to a plethora of new rules and contractual obligations associated with the technologies—are reorganizing crop production. The lawsuits include patent infringement litigation launched by Monsanto against a Saskatchewan canola farmer who, in turn, claimed his crops had been involuntarily contaminated by the company’s GM technology; a class action application by two Saskatchewan organic canola farmers launched against Monsanto and Aventis (later Bayer) for the loss of their organic market due to contamination with GMOs; and two cases in Mississippi in which Monsanto sued farmers for saving seeds containing its patented GM technology. Pechlaner argues that well-funded corporate lawyers have a decided advantage over independent farmers in the courts and in creating new forms of power and control in agricultural production. Corporate Crops demonstrates the effects of this intersection between the courts and the fields where profits, not just a food supply, are reaped.
eBook
Cultivation and sequencing of rumen microbiome members from the Hungate1000 Collection
Rumen microbiome biology gets a boost with the release of 410 high-quality reference genomes from the Hungate1000 project.
Productivity of ruminant livestock depends on the rumen microbiota, which ferment indigestible plant polysaccharides into nutrients used for growth. Understanding the functions carried out by the rumen microbiota is important for reducing greenhouse gas production by ruminants and for developing biofuels from lignocellulose. We present 410 cultured bacteria and archaea, together with their reference genomes, representing every cultivated rumen-associated archaeal and bacterial family. We evaluate polysaccharide degradation, short-chain fatty acid production and methanogenesis pathways, and assign specific taxa to functions. A total of 336 organisms were present in available rumen metagenomic data sets, and 134 were present in human gut microbiome data sets. Comparison with the human microbiome revealed rumen-specific enrichment for genes encoding
de novo
synthesis of vitamin B
12
, ongoing evolution by gene loss and potential vertical inheritance of the rumen microbiome based on underrepresentation of markers of environmental stress. We estimate that our Hungate genome resource represents ∼75% of the genus-level bacterial and archaeal taxa present in the rumen.
Journal Article
Regulating next generation agri-food biotechnologies : lessons from European, North American, and Asian experiences
By updating, extending and challenging earlier empirical and theoretical social science perspectives on agricultural bio-technological regulation, this volume helps to inform future policy formulation. It will be of interest to practitioners and students of biotechnology, agriculture, and science and technology policy.
Book
Peer Review Statement
All papers published in this volume have been reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.• Type of peer review: Double Anonymous• Conference submission management system: Morressier• Number of submissions received: 22• Number of submissions sent for review: 19• Number of submissions accepted: 19• Acceptance Rate (Submissions Accepted / Submissions Received × 100): 86.4• Average number of reviews per paper: 2• Total number of reviewers involved: 10• Contact person for queries:Name: Evi SusantiEmail: evi.susanti.fmipa@um.ac.idAffiliation: Biotechnology Program, Department of Applied Sciences, State University of Malang
Journal Article
Animal cells
Introduces readers to animal cells, what they are made of, and how genetic material inside cells perform their function.
Book
Peer Review Statement
All papers published in this volume have been reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.• Type of peer review: Open Review• Conference submission management system: Morressier• Number of submissions received: 27• Number of submissions sent for review: 26• Number of submissions accepted: 26• Acceptance Rate (Submissions Accepted / Submissions Received × 100): 96.3• Average number of reviews per paper: 1.0769230769230769• Total number of reviewers involved: 6• Contact person for queries:Name: Gabriela Wo ¦æ– °Email: gabi3roma@gmail.comAffiliation: Uniwersytet Slaski w Katowicach - Uniwersytet Slaski w Katowicach Instytut Biologii Biotechnologii i Ochrony Srodowiska
Journal Article