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Another man's war : the story of a Burma boy in Britain's forgotten African army
\"In December 1941 the Japanese invaded Burma. For the British, the longest land campaign of the Second World War had begun. 100,000 African soldiers were taken from Britain's colonies to fight the Japanese in the Burmese jungles. They performed heroically in one of the most brutal theatres of war, yet their contribution has been largely ignored. Isaac Fadoyebo was one of those 'Burma Boys'. At the age of sixteen he ran away from his Nigerian village to join the British Army. Sent to Burma, he was attacked and left for dead in the jungle by the Japanese. Sheltered by courageous local rice farmers, Isaac spent nine months in hiding before his eventual rescue. He returned to Nigeria a hero, but his story was soon forgotten. Barnaby Phillips travelled to Nigeria and Burma in search of Isaac, the family who saved his life, and the legacy of an Empire. Another Man's War is Isaac's story.\"--Page 2 of jacket.
Book
The endophytic microbiota of Citrus limon is transmitted from seed to shoot highlighting differences of bacterial and fungal community structures
Citrus limon
(L.) Burm. F. is an important evergreen fruit crop whose rhizosphere and phyllosphere microbiota have been characterized, while seed microbiota is still unknown. Bacterial and fungal endophytes were isolated from
C. limon
surface-sterilized seeds. The isolated fungi—belonging to
Aspergillus
,
Quambalaria
and
Bjerkandera
genera—and bacteria—belonging to
Staphylococcus
genus—were characterized for indoleacetic acid production and phosphate solubilization. Next Generation Sequencing based approaches were then used to characterize the endophytic bacterial and fungal microbiota structures of surface-sterilized
C. limon
seeds and of shoots obtained under aseptic conditions from in vitro growing seedlings regenerated from surface-sterilized seeds. This analysis highlighted that
Cutibacterium
and
Acinetobacter
were the most abundant bacterial genera in both seeds and shoots, while
Cladosporium
and
Debaryomyces
were the most abundant fungal genera in seeds and shoots, respectively. The localization of bacterial endophytes in seed and shoot tissues was revealed by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization coupled with Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy revealing vascular bundle colonization. Thus, these results highlighted for the first time the structures of endophytic microbiota of
C. limon
seeds and the transmission to shoots, corroborating the idea of a vertical transmission of plant microbiota and suggesting its crucial role in seed germination and plant development.
Journal Article
Myanmar in crisis : living with the pandemic and the coup
Myanmar in Crisis brings together scholars from across the social sciences to analyse the dual crises of COVID-19 and the 2021 military coup. All of the essays address one of four themes around the concept of crisis: society in crisis, a state in crisis, an economy in crisis, and international relations in crisis. Several authors examine the contested nature of state authority in the post-coup revolutionary context, including the emergence of new governance dynamics; others discuss heterogenous forms of resistance and the potential for building a more inclusive, just, and tolerant society in the future of Myanmar. The volume also explores the economic crisis caused by the pandemic and the coup and its devastating effects on people's lives and livelihoods: the authors provide a deep dive into the impacts of restrictive COVID-19 prevention measures on local communities, the growing livelihoods crisis since the coup, and the impacts of both crises on foreign trade and investment. Scaling up from that local perspective, the book also looks at Myanmar's history of foreign relations, the response of the international community to the coup and the challenges faced by foreign governments and regional bodies in navigating the deteriorating political situation. Held together, the volume highlights the ongoing state of crisis in Myanmar, its impact on society and the possibilities for recovery and reform, amidst a powerful new revolutionary movement. Beyond providing crucial insights to Southeast Asian area specialists, the book offers deep insights into the way that multiple crises interact, amplify one another, and open up possibilities for hope amidst tragedy.
eBook
Comparative analysis of chloroplast genomes indicated different origin for Indian tea (Camellia assamica cv TV1) as compared to Chinese tea
Based upon the morphological characteristics, tea is classified botanically into 2 main types i.e. Assam and China, which are morphologically very distinct. Further, they are so easily pollinated among themselves, that a third category, Cambod type is also described. Although the general consensus of origin of tea is India, Burma and China adjoining area, yet specific origin of China and Assam type tea are not yet clear. Thus, we made an attempt to understand the origin of Indian tea through the comparative analysis of different chloroplast (cp) genomes under the Camellia genus by performing evolutionary study and comparing simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and codon usage distribution patterns among them. The Cp genome based phylogenetic analysis indicated that Indian Tea, TV1 formed a different group from that of China tea, indicating that TV1 might have undergone different domestications and hence owe different origins. The simple sequence repeats (SSRs) analysis and codon usage distribution patterns also supported the clustering order in the cp genome based phylogenetic tree.
Journal Article
The effect of Aspalathus linearis (Burm.f.) R.Dahlgren and its compounds on tyrosinase and melanogenesis
Pigmentation, a process controlled by melanogenesis, plays a vital role in protecting the skin against harmful ultraviolet rays. The level of protection is compromised in case of hypopigmentation. This study aimed to evaluate an Aspalathus linearis extract, fractions and phytoconstituents, for their efficacy on melanogenesis stimulation. Fifteen compounds were kinetically assessed against tyrosinase; the rate-limiting enzyme of melanogenesis. Aspalathin and catechin significantly (p value < 0.001) increased the enzymatic rate, showing 50% stimulatory effects at 119.70 ± 2.06 μg/ mL and 143.30 ± 2.74 μg/mL, respectively, by acting as subversive substrates. Five compounds inhibited the enzyme’s activity, of which four exhibited competitive inhibition. To investigate the molecular interactions between the compounds and the active site, molecular docking was done, using tyrosinase (PBD: 2Y9X) and tyrosinase related protein 1 (PBD: 5M8P). All the compounds docked successfully with acceptable docking scores. Further quantitative structure–activity relationship analysis identified potential functional groups, linked to the specific activity. The crude extract, its fractions, and compounds exhibited low antiproliferative activity with 50% cell viability at concentrations higher than 100 μg/mL. Finally, both aspalathin and catechin exhibited a significant increase (4.5%) in melanin production at 119.82 μg/mL and 76.92 μg/mL, respectively. This is the first report of A. linearis’ compounds on skin re-pigmentation.
Journal Article
Attenuation of melanogenesis by Nymphaea nouchali (Burm. f) flower extract through the regulation of cAMP/CREB/MAPKs/MITF and proteasomal degradation of tyrosinase
Medicinal plants have been used to treat diseases from time immemorial. We aimed to examine the efficacy of the ethyl acetate fraction of
Nymphaea nouchali
flower extract (NNFE) against melanogenesis process, and the underlying mechanisms
in vitro
and
in vivo
. Paper spray ionisation mass spectroscopy and (+) mode electrospray ionisation revealed the presence of seven flavonoids, two spermidine alkaloids, 3,4,8,9,10-pentahydroxy-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one, and shoyuflavone C in NNFE. NNFE (100 µg/mL) significantly inhibited the monophenolase and diphenolase activities of mushroom tyrosinase at 94.90 ± 0.003% and 93.034 ± 0.003%, respectively. NNFE significantly suppressed cellular tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis
in vitro
in melan-a cells and
in vivo
in HRM2 hairless mice. Furthermore, NNFE inhibited tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase-related protein (TYRP)-1, TYRP-2, and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) expression, thereby blocking melanin synthesis. In particular, NNFE suppressed cAMP production with subsequent downregulation of CREB phosphorylation. Additionally, it stimulated MAP kinase phosphorylation (p38, JNK, and ERK1/2) and the proteasomal debasement pathway, leading to degradation of tyrosinase and MITF and the suppression of melanin production. Moreover, selective inhibitors of ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 attenuated NNFE inhibitory effects on melanogenesis, and MG-132 (a proteasome inhibitor) prevented the NNFE-induced decline in tyrosinase protein levels. In conclusion, these findings indicate that NNFE is a potential therapy for hyperpigmentation.
Journal Article
Justifying Digital Repression via 'Fighting Fake News'
Southeast Asian autocracies of Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam have politicized vague definitions of 'fake news' to justify diverse tactics of digital repression. In these countries, what constitutes falseness in 'fake news' has hardly been clearly articulated. The governments instead focus on the grave threats the dissemination of 'fake news' could pose to national security, public disorder or national prestige. As the governments are vested with the power to bend the labelling of 'fake news' to their will, they can criminalize those accused of circulating such information to safeguard public interests. There are at least four methods by which the governments have tightened the screws on cyberspace under the banner of curbing 'fake news': (i) prosecute Internet users, journalists and dissidents in particular; (ii) pressure Internet Service Providers and social media platforms to block and remove content; (iii) expand and deepen social media monitoring; and (iv) shut down the Internet altogether.
All four countries have used 'fake news' allegations to penalize critics. Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam are inclined to use such allegations to strong-arm tech companies into removing content at the behest of the governments. Thailand and Vietnam tend to exploit such allegations to beef up online surveillance. Myanmar is the only country that turns to Internet shutdowns. The interplay between the methods of digital repression that exploit the pretext of cracking down on 'fake news' and the manipulation of online discourse through the deployment of cyber troops would merit further research and in-depth examination.
eBook
Phytochemical analysis and antifungi activity of methanol extract of Acalypha hispida Burm. F. flower against to Candida albicans (Y116)
Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by the fungus Candida albicans . One of the plants that has potential as an antifungal activity is Acalypha hispida . The objectives of this research determined the phytochemical analysis and antifungal activity of A. hispida flower methanolic extract on the growth of C. albicans using the disc diffusion method. Identification of compounds using thin layer chromatography (TLC). This study consisted of six treatments, namely control using ketoconazole and concentrations of A. hispida methanol extract of 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 g/mL. The results showed that all concentrations of A. hispida methanolic extract had antifungal properties against the growth of C. albicans . The concentration of 1.0 g/mL showed the best inhibition against C. albicans . The methanol extract of A. hispida flowers contains alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids and phenols.
Journal Article
Along the Integral Margin: Uneven Capitalism in a Myanmar Squatter Settlement
\"This book is an ethnographic study of informal housing and labor among residents of a squatter settlement on the outskirts of Yangon, Myanmar's former capital, based on research conducted from 2016 to 2019\"--.
eBook
Assessment of phytoremediation potential of native plant species naturally growing in a heavy metal-polluted saline–sodic soil
Many areas throughout the world, mainly arid and semi-arid regions, are simultaneously affected by salinity stress and heavy metal (HM) pollution. Phytoremediation of such environments needs suitable plants surviving under those combined stresses. In the present study, native species naturally growing under an extreme condition, around Qaleh-Zari copper mine located in the eastern part of Iran, with HM-contaminated saline–sodic soil, were identified to find suitable plant species for phytoremediation. For this purpose, the accumulation of HMs (Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) in the root and shoot (stem and leaf) of the plants and their surrounding soils was determined to find their main phytoremediation strategies: phytoextraction or phytostabilization. Seven native species surviving in such extreme condition were found, including
Launaea arborescens
(Batt.) Murb,
Artemisia santolina
Schrenk,
Pulicaria gnaphalodes
(Vent.) Boiss,
Zygophyllum eurypterum
Boiss. & Buhse,
Peganum harmala
L.,
Pteropyrum olivieri
Jaub. & Spach, and
Aerva javanica
(Burm. f.) Juss. ex Schult. Evaluation of phytoremediation potential of the identified species based on the calculated HM bioconcentration in roots, HM translocation from roots to shoots, and HM accumulation in the shoots revealed that all of the species were metal phytostabilizers rather than hyperaccumulators. Therefore, these native species can be used for phytostabilization in the HM-contaminated saline soils to prevent HMs entering the uncontaminated areas and groundwater. Compared with the biennial low-biomass hyperaccumulators, some native species such as
Z. eurypterum
and
A. javanica
may have more economic value for phytoremediation because of a significant accumulation of HMs in their relatively higher biomass.
Journal Article