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"Birth Control"
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Birth control battles : how race and class divided American religion
\"Conservative and progressive religious groups fiercely disagree about issues of sex and gender. But how did we get here? Sociologist Melissa J. Wilde shows us how today's modern divisions began in the 1930s in the earliest public battles over birth control and not for the reasons we might expect today. By examining thirty of America's most prominent religious groups-including Mormons, Methodists, Southern Baptists, Seventh Day Adventists, Quakers, Jews, and more-Wilde contends that fights over birth control were never about sex, women's rights, or privacy but were actually about race, class, and white supremacist concerns about undesirable fertility. Using census and archival data and more than 10,000 articles, statements, and sermons from religious and secular periodicals, Wilde chronicles the religious community's division on contraception. She takes us from the 1930s, when support for the eugenics movement saw birth control as an act of duty for less desirable groups, to the 1960s, when religious identities had crystalized to such an extent that most congregants had forgotten the roots of their stance on birth control. Charting the twists and turns of how reproductive politics were tied to complex views of race, immigration, and manifest destiny, Birth Control Battles shows the enduring importance of race and class for American religion as it rewrites our understandings of what it has meant to be progressive or conservative in America\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Fit to Be Tied
The 1960s revolutionized American contraceptive practice. Diaphragms, jellies, and condoms with high failure rates gave way to newer choices of the Pill, IUD, and sterilization.Fit to Be Tiedprovides a history of sterilization and what would prove to become, at once, socially divisive and a popular form of birth control.
During the first half of the twentieth century, sterilization (tubal ligation and vasectomy) was a tool of eugenics. Individuals who endorsed crude notions of biological determinism sought to control the reproductive decisions of women they considered \"unfit\" by nature of race or class, and used surgery to do so. Incorporating first-person narratives, court cases, and official records, Rebecca M. Kluchin examines the evolution of forced sterilization of poor women, especially women of color, in the second half of the century and contrasts it with demands for contraceptive sterilization made by white women and men. She chronicles public acceptance during an era of reproductive and sexual freedom, and the subsequent replacement of the eugenics movement with \"neo-eugenic\" standards that continued to influence American medical practice, family planning, public policy, and popular sentiment.
eBook
Emergency contraception : the story of a global reproductive health technology
\"Globally, more than one fourth of all pregnancies are unintended. Emergency contraception can be used after sex to reduce the risk of pregnancy. But despite their safety and efficacy, emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs) have sparked controversy worldwide. In examining the journey of ECPs in fourteen countries, this volume explores the ways that a global reproductive health technology both acquires local cultural meaning and encounters similar challenges everywhere it is introduced worldwide. This book's portraits of activism and opposition highlight the range of social, cultural, religious, and political contexts that shape the interpretation of new medical technologies\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Women of color and the reproductive rights movement
While most people believe that the movement to secure voluntary reproductive control for women centered solely on abortion rights, for many women abortion was not the only, or even primary, focus.
Jennifer Nelson tells the story of the feminist struggle for legal abortion and reproductive rights in the 1960s, 1970s, and early 1980s through the particular contributions of women of color. She explores the relationship between second-wave feminists, who were concerned with a woman's right to choose, Black and Puerto Rican Nationalists, who were concerned that Black and Puerto Rican women have as many children as possible “for the revolution,” and women of color themselves, who negotiated between them. Contrary to popular belief, Nelson shows that women of color were able to successfully remake the mainstream women's liberation and abortion rights movements by appropriating select aspects of Black Nationalist politics—including addressing sterilization abuse, access to affordable childcare and healthcare, and ways to raise children out of poverty—for feminist discourse.
eBook
Reproducing Empire
Original and compelling, Laura Briggs'sReproducing Empireshows how, for both Puerto Ricans and North Americans, ideologies of sexuality, reproduction, and gender have shaped relations between the island and the mainland. From science to public policy, the \"culture of poverty\" to overpopulation, feminism to Puerto Rican nationalism, this book uncovers the persistence of concerns about motherhood, prostitution, and family in shaping the beliefs and practices of virtually every player in the twentieth-century drama of Puerto Rican colonialism. In this way, it sheds light on the legacies haunting contemporary debates over globalization. Puerto Rico is a perfect lens through which to examine colonialism and globalization because for the past century it has been where the United States has expressed and fine-tuned its attitudes toward its own expansionism. Puerto Rico's history holds no simple lessons for present-day debate over globalization but does unearth some of its history.Reproducing Empiresuggests that interventionist discourses of rescue, family, and sexuality fueled U.S. imperial projects and organized American colonialism. Through the politics, biology, and medicine of eugenics, prostitution, and birth control, the United States has justified its presence in the territory's politics and society. Briggs makes an innovative contribution to Puerto Rican and U.S. history, effectively arguing that gender has been crucial to the relationship between the United States and Puerto Rico, and more broadly, to U.S. expansion elsewhere.
eBook
The Long Sexual Revolution
Between 1800 and 1975, sexuality in the West was transformed. Hera Cook shows how the growing effectiveness of contraception gradually eroded the connection between sexuality and reproduction. The increasing control over fertility was crucial to the remaking of heterosexual physical sexual behaviour and had a massive impact on women's lives. Dr Coo.
eBook
Unnatural selection : choosing boys over girls, and the consequences of a world full of men
\"Lianyungang, a booming port city, has China's most extreme gender ratio for children under four: 163 boys for every 100 girls. These numbers don't seem terribly grim, but in ten years, the skewed sex ratio will pose a colossal challenge. By the time those children reach adulthood, their generation will have twenty-four million more men than women. The prognosis for China's neighbors is no less bleak: Asia now has 163 million females \"missing\" from its population. Gender imbalance reaches far beyond Asia, affecting Georgia, Eastern Europe, and cities in the U.S. where there are significant immigrant populations. The world, therefore, is becoming increasingly male, and this mismatch is likely to create profound social upheaval. Historically, eras in which there have been an excess of men have produced periods of violent conflict and instability. Mara Hvistendahl has written a stunning, impeccably-researched book that does not flinch from examining not only the consequences of the misbegotten policies of sex selection but Western complicity with them\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Association of oral contraceptives and risk of endometrial cancer: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Introduction
Although the relationship between the use of oral contraceptives and reduced endometrial cancer risk has now long been established, the need for female patients to be informed on this matter based on the latest results of scientific research remains. To help the evidence‐based decision‐making of women when choosing contraception methods, we aimed to provide them with an up‐to‐date overview and summary of past and recent findings on the association between the use of oral contraceptives and endometrial cancer risk.
Material and Methods
This study was registered in PROSPERO: CRD42022379871. PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched on the December 5, 2022, to identify eligible articles. We included all experimental and observational studies that reported the number of users and non‐users of oral contraceptives among patients diagnosed or not with endometrial cancer. Data were extracted, and random‐effects meta‐analysis was performed to obtain summary odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Heterogeneity across studies was assessed using Higgins & Thompson's I2 statistic.
Results
Fifty‐six studies were eligible for qualitative synthesis, of which twenty‐five were eligible for quantitative analysis. The use of oral contraceptives was inversely associated with the odds of having endometrial cancer (OR = 0.61, CI: 0.46–0.80). The long‐term use of oral contraceptives led to the greatest odds reduction in having endometrial cancer (≥10 years: OR = 0.31, CI: 0.13–0.70), while shorter periods were also associated with a significant decrease in these odds, although to a lesser extent (≥5 years: OR = 0.39, CI: 0.23–0.64; <5 years: OR = 0.66, CI: 0.48–0.91).
Conclusions
The administration of oral contraceptives is time dependently associated with lower odds of having endometrial cancer, suggesting a protective association between the use of oral contraceptives and endometrial cancer.
We found a strong time‐dependent, inverse association between the use of oral contraceptives and the odds of having endometrial cancer. According to our results, the longer women were exposed to oral contraceptives, the greater the odds reduction of endometrial cancer was.
Journal Article