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In this work we report for the first time the occurrence of female adults of the biting midge Forcipomyia (Microhelea) eriophora feeding on butterfly Heraclides anchisiades capys caterpillars. We collected the caterpillars and Ceratopogonidae specimens on Citrus limon (L.) (Rutaceae) tree leaves from the campus of the Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil. In Brazil, host records of Forcipomyia (Microhelea) eriophora on caterpillars remain scarce due to significant gaps in our understanding of ectoparasitic habits within Ceratopogonidae.

Aims The main aim of this study was to fill a gap in barcoding data of the European Chironomidae of the Balkan region, developing and testing the efficiency of a reference DNA barcode library for ancient Lake Skadar basin species (Montenegro/Albania), a region of Europe never before subjected to barcoding studies on Chironomidae. Another aim was to test the efficiency of DNA barcoding for the identification of European Chironomidae, including the estimation of optimal identification thresholds, using >12,000 barcodes. Location Lake Skadar basin and adjacent area (Montenegro/Albania). Methods Through this study, 770 individuals of Chironomidae from the Lake Skadar region were barcoded, both at adult and pre‐imaginal stages. Adults were morphologically identified, while larvae were assigned to species by molecular identification, using different methods, of which the efficiency was tested, for a total of 97 different barcoded species. Results The identification efficiency of the reference dataset developed for the Lake Skadar region was 98.6%, a value in line with that obtained when the identification efficiency for European Chironomidae was evaluated (95.8%), which confirms the accuracy of DNA barcoding for the identification of these insects. Moreover, we found that the optimal threshold for the molecular identification of the family is 1.6% nucleotide distance, though more specific thresholds are suggested for the identification of species belonging to Chironomidae subfamilies, since they are related to lower identification errors than to the use of a general threshold. The analysis of inconsistency between molecular and morphological identification shed light on taxonomic issues within European Chironomidae. Previously postulated species synonyms were confirmed, and also further cases requiring deeper investigation were detected. Main conclusions Our de novo DNA barcode library was shown to have a high identification efficiency. Taxon‐specific thresholds increase the efficacy of molecular identification. Hypothesized species synonyms could be validated through molecular techniques.

This study investigated frog‐biting dipteran species using newly designed frog‐calling traps in Taiwan. The trap effectively collected specimens from both families, Culicidae and Corethrellidae, demonstrating its utility. Host preference analysis revealed that Odorrana swinhoana (Boulenger, 1903) and Kurixalus eiffingeri (Boettger, 1895) were most frequently associated with collected specimens of Corethrellidae. Additionally, the corethrellids were predominantly attracted to a sound frequency around 2200 to 2700 Hz. Then, DNA barcoding was also conducted on the four collected species of Culicidae: Armigeres subalbatus (Coquillett, 1898), Uranotaenia nivipleura Leicester, 1908, Ur . macferlanei Edwards, 1914, and Mimomyia luzonensis (Ludlow, 1905), and the mitochondrial genome of Corethrella nippon Miyagi 1980 was first sequenced and annotated. Mitogenome‐based phylogenetic analysis confirmed that C. nippon formed a clade with Corethrella condita Borkent, 2008. In our analysis, family Corethrellidae clustered with Culicidae; however, the inter‐family phylogenetic relationships within Culicoidea appeared paraphyletic, particularly concerning family Chaoboridae. Future studies should explore a greater variety of frog species across more diverse regions and use other genomic datasets beyond the mitogenome to infer a more robust deep topology at the superfamily level and further broaden our understanding of host preference.

The species Forcipomyia (Trichohelea) opilionivora (Lane, 1947) (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) was rediscovered in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 75 years after its original description. This study aimed to investigate the ectoparasitic relationship between F. (T.) opilionivora and its host and document its occurrence, which was recorded serendipitously during the collection of Opiliones (harvestmen) specimens in Parque Nacional do Itatiaia in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. After the collection, both specimens were subjected to photographic documentation and preserved for further examination. This study presents the first photographic record of the ectoparasitic relationship between F. (T.) opilionivora and a harvestman, shedding light on a poorly studied interaction. The host specimen was identified as a female of Holcobunus nigripalpis Roewer, 1910 (Opiliones, Sclerosomatidae), a gagrelline commonlyfound in the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil. Previous records of ectoparasitism between Ceratopogonidae and harvestmen were limited to the family level (Sclerosomatidae species, specifically Gagrellinae or Leiobuninae). However, no specific host species had been identified until now. The rediscovery of F. (T.) opilionivora, along with the identification of its host, addresses a significant gap in our knowledge regarding the biology and distribution of this species and provides valuable insights into the intricate relationships between biting midges and arachnids. This study emphasizes the need for further investigations into the biology of these ectoparasitic species and underscores the importance of documenting and studying lesser-known interactions within ecosystems.

Culicoides insignis Lutz is incriminated as a vector of bluetongue virus (BTV) to ruminants in America. In South America, almost all countries have serological evidence of BTV infections, but only four outbreaks of the disease have been reported. Although clinical diseases have never been cited in Argentina, viral activity has been detected in cattle. In this study, we developed a potential distribution map of Culicoides insignis populations in northwestern Argentina using Maximum Entropy Modeling (Maxent). For the analyses, information regarding both data of specimen collections between 2003 and 2013, and climatic and environmental variables was used. Variables selection was based on the ecological relevance in relation to Culicoides spp. biology and distribution in the area. The best Maxent model according to the Jackknife test included 53 C. insignis presence records and precipitation of the warmest quarter, altitude, and precipitation of the wettest month. Accuracy was evaluated by the area under the curve (AUC = 0.97). These results provide an important analytical resource of high potential for both the development of suitable control strategies and the assessment of disease transmission risk in the region.

Culicoides biting midges, small hematophagous dipterans, are the demonstrated or putative vectors of multiple arboviruses of veterinary and public health importance. Despite its relevance in disease spread, the ceratopogonid genus Culicoides is still a largely neglected group of species, predominantly because the major human-affecting arboviruses are considered to be transmitted by mosquitoes. However, when a pathogen is detected in a certain vector species, a thorough search for further vectors often remains undone and, therefore, the relevant vector species may remain unknown. Furthermore, for many hematophagous arthropods, true vector competence is often merely suspected and not experimentally proven. Therefore, we aim to illuminate the general impact of Culicoides biting midges and to summarize the knowledge about biting midge-borne disease agents using the order Bunyavirales, the largest and most diverse group of RNA viruses, as an example. When considering only viruses evidentially transmitted by Culicoides midges, the Simbu serogroup (genus Orthobunyavirus) is presumably the most important group within the virus order. Its members are of great veterinary importance, as a variety of simbuviruses, e.g., the species Akabane orthobunyavirus or Schmallenberg orthobunyavirus, induces severe congenital infections in pregnant animals. The major zoonotic representative of this serogroup occurs in South and Central America and causes the so-called Oropouche fever, an acute febrile illness in humans.

Biting midges of the genus Leptoconops (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are neglected yet aggressive diurnal biting pests. This study investigates the species diversity, abundance, biting behaviour, trap efficiency, and public health relevance of Leptoconops across ten tourist and potential tourist beaches in the Andaman and Nicobar archipelago, India, during two peak tourist seasons. Three species were identified: Leptoconops (Styloconops) spinosifrons , first report from the archipelago; Leptoconops (Leptoconops) leptorhynchus , newly recorded from India and redescribed; Leptoconops (Leptoconops) paruii sp. nov., a proposed new species. Species identification was supported by morphological characters and a COI-based molecular phylogeny along with species delimitation analysis using ABGD, ASAP and mPTP. Biting activity studies revealed unimodal and bimodal biting patterns for L. paruii and L. spinosifrons , respectively. Inter-island distribution and abundance patterns revealed L. spinosifrons (most abundant) was restricted to the Andaman group, L. paruii occurred in both the Andaman group and the Great Nicobar, with L. leptorhynchus being the rarest. Among diurnal capture methods, HLC proved most effective for capturing host-seeking females, while sweep netting captured both sexes. Nocturnally, LED light sheets outperformed UV-based CDC and UT. Furthermore, the case report of Leptoconops bite-induced dermatitis highlights the potential clinical relevance of these bites for travellers and local population.

In October 2023, bluetongue virus serotype 3 (BTV-3) emerged in Germany, where Schmallenberg virus is enzootic. We detected BTV-3 in 1 pool of Culicoides biting midges collected at the time ruminant infections were reported. Schmallenberg virus was found in many vector pools. Vector trapping and analysis could elucidate viral spread.

ABSTRACT An updated list of the biting midges recorded from the 26 Brazilian states and the Federal District is provided based on the data available in the “Taxonomic Catalog of the Brazilian Fauna” (Portuguese CTFB). The Brazilian Ceratopogonidae fauna is represented by 529 known species, corresponding to 40% of the Neotropical fauna. A table showing the number of species of Ceratopogonidae genera in the Neotropical region, Brazil, and Brazilian Amazon is included. In accordance with the family knowledge worldwide, the subfamily Ceratopogoninae is the best represented in the number of species due to the study of Culicoides, which has sanitary importance. The analysis of the diversity in each region and in the Brazilian states indicates the need for further studies in the five Brazilian geopolitical regions, especially in the Midwest and Northeast, which are home to the natural biomes of Cerrado, Pantanal, and Caatinga.

Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Latreille biting midges are the vectors of several viruses of veterinary significance. The larvae of some biting midge species develop in semiaquatic habitats that are affected by the activity of vertebrates. However, the importance of vertebrate animal activity in biting midge density has not been satisfactorily quantified. The goal of this study was to investigate the impact that three different hooved animals representing agricultural (cattle), wild (cervids), and intermediate (bison) animal populations have on the density and emergence of Culicoides from larval habitats. Trail cameras recorded vertebrate activity at eight sites at the Konza Prairie Biological Station with cattle, cervids, and/or bison, which was paired with larval substrate sampling to investigate midge density. The total time spent by all 3 target animals over the previous month and the average time spent by bison were significantly positively correlated with overall biting midge emergence. Species-specific analyses revealed significant positive associations of C. crepuscularis Malloch with several cattle variables including number of cattle days and events and average number of cattle, while more bison variables were found to be significant for C. haematopotus Malloch (bison days and bison events, negative associations) and C. variipennis Coquillett (negative associations for bison days and average number of bison; positive relationship with average bison time). Significant results for cervids included negative associations of C. crepuscularis with average cervid time and C. variipennis with cervid days. These results show that different ungulates impact midge abundance and emergence in different ways, improving our understanding of midge population drivers.