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The Cartoons That Shook the World
On September 30, 2005, the Danish newspaperJyllands-Postenpublished twelve cartoons of the Prophet Muhammad. Five months later, thousands of Muslims inundated the newspaper with outpourings of anger and grief by phone, email, and fax; from Asia to Europe Muslims took to the streets in protest. This book is the first comprehensive investigation of the conflict that aroused impassioned debates around the world on freedom of expression, blasphemy, and the nature of modern Islam.
Jytte Klausen interviewed politicians in the Middle East, Muslim leaders in Europe, the Danish editors and cartoonists, and the Danish imam who started the controversy. Following the winding trail of protests across the world, she deconstructs the arguments and motives that drove the escalation of the increasingly globalized conflict. She concludes that the Muslim reaction to the cartoons was not-as was commonly assumed-a spontaneous emotional reaction arising out of the clash of Western and Islamic civilizations. Rather it was orchestrated, first by those with vested interests in elections in Denmark and Egypt, and later by Islamic extremists seeking to destabilize governments in Pakistan, Lebanon, Libya, and Nigeria. Klausen shows how the cartoon crisis was, therefore, ultimately a political conflict rather than a colossal cultural misunderstanding.
eBook
Sharia and the state in Pakistan : blasphemy politics
\"This book analyses the formulation, interpretation and implementation of sharia in Pakistan and its relationship with the Pakistani state whilst addressing the complexity of sharia as a codified set of laws. Drawing on insights from Islamic studies, anthropology and legal studies to examine the interactions between ideas, institutions and political actors that have enabled blasphemy laws to become the site of continuous controversy, this book furthers the readers' understanding of Pakistani politics and presents the transformation of sharia from a pluralistic religious percept to a set of rigid laws. Using new materials, including government documents and Urdu language newspapers, the author contextualises the larger political debate within Pakistan and utilises a comparative and historical framework to weave descriptions of various events with discussions on sharia and blasphemy. A contribution to the growing body of literature, which explores the role of state in shaping the religion and religious politics in Muslim-majority countries, this book will be of interest to academics working on South Asian Politics, Political Islam, Sharia Law, and the relationship of Religion and the State\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Rethinking Freedom of Expression in Light of the Emerging Sacredness of Social, Cultural, and Political Values
Religion has always been considered to be sacred, perhaps the most sacred of all, and maybe the only sacred occurrence that exists among other ‘well-respected phenomena’ in many societies. In recent times, \"the religion\" has experienced a decline in influence, and its sacredness is not as pronounced as it once was, particularly in Western countries. Though, the phenomenon of religion is getting weaker with the passage of time, it does not mean that the element ‘sacred’ is also getting weaker. Every society has its own values which are sacred for that particular society. The notion of blasphemy is linked to the sacred, and since religion was once the utmost sacred entity, it was closely tied to religious beliefs. After the emergence of the nation-state in the 20th century, different political ideologies and cultural aspects of life became more influential and somehow were considered sacred. Thus, the idea of blasphemy cannot only be associated with religion, especially when new phenomena have replaced religion as the most sacred subject in society. The right of freedom of expression is closely associated with the act of blasphemy. This right is not absolute in nature. There are certain limits and boundaries which vary from society to society and should be kept in mind while exercising this right. The right of freedom of expression is meant to have a positive impact rather than ridiculing the established sacred.
Journal Article
Pakistan’s Blasphemy Laws
Under the guise of Islamic law, the prophet Muhammad's Islam, and the Qur'an, states such as Pakistan, Afghanistan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Bangladesh are using blasphemy laws to suppress freedom of speech. Yet the Prophet never tried or executed anyone for blasphemy, nor does the Qur'an authorize the practice. Asserting that blasphemy laws are neither Islamic nor Qur'anic, Shemeem Burney Abbas traces the evolution of these laws from the Islamic empires that followed the death of the Prophet Muhammad to the present-day Taliban. Her pathfinding study on the shari'a and gender demonstrates that Pakistan's blasphemy laws are the inventions of a military state that manipulates discourse in the name of Islam to exclude minorities, women, free thinkers, and even children from the rights of citizenship.
Abbas herself was persecuted under Pakistan's blasphemy laws, so she writes from both personal experience and years of scholarly study. Her analysis exposes the questionable motives behind Pakistan's blasphemy laws, which were resurrected during General Zia-ul-Haq's regime of 1977-1988-motives that encompassed gaining geopolitical control of the region, including Afghanistan, in order to weaken the Soviet Union. Abbas argues that these laws created a state-sponsored \"infidel\" ideology that now affects global security as militant groups such as the Taliban justify violence against all \"infidels\" who do not subscribe to their interpretation of Islam. She builds a strong case for the suspension of Pakistan's blasphemy laws and for a return to the Prophet's peaceful vision of social justice.
eBook
L'amour poétisé : genre, plaisir et nostalgie dans la poésie arabe et persane masculine, féminine et homoérotique/Poetized Love: Gender, Pleasure and Nostalgia in Masculine, Feminine and Homoerotic Arabic and Persian poetry
Alors que l'amour passe pour être un sentiment né en Occident au douzième siècle, la poésie amoureuse, sous sa forme déclamatoire ou chantée, est apparue dès le sixième siècle chez les Bédouins du désert d'Arabie avant de fleurir dans le monde arabe citadin, puis persan et enfin occidental. L'amour passion, excessif par essence, ne pouvant se dire que dans la démesure, le discours amoureux est l'expression toujours hyperbolique du pathos avec ses joies et ses détresses. L'homme qui éprouve cet état de passion est féminisé, trouvant dans le médium de la poésie un espace d'expression socialement autorisé pour exprimer ses émotions, y compris celles relatives à la jalousie, à la nostalgie ou au blasphème. Chanter la beauté de l'objet aimé et le trouble qu'il inspire est autant une manière d'avouer sa vulnérabilité affective qu'un mode de conquête amoureuse. Mais si le langage de la prédation est patent dans la poésie hétérosexuelle ou homosexuelle, un tel langage est absent de la poésie féminine, différence révélatrice de la polarité asymétrique du désir selon qu'on est homme ou femme. Mots clés : amour, genre, nostalgie, passion, poésie arabe, poésie persane, sentiments, troisième sexe While love passes for being a feeling born in the West in the twelfth century, love poetry, in its declamatory or sung form, appeared in the sixth century among the Bedouin of the Arabian desert before flourishing in the Arabic cities, then Persian and finally in Europe. Love passion, excessive in essence, can be said only in excess with its joys and its distress. The man who experiences this state of passion is feminized, finding in the medium of poetry a socially legitimate space to express his emotions, including jealousy, nostalgia or blasphemy. Singing the beauty of the beloved and the disorder she or he inspires is a way of acknowledging his emotional vulnerability and also a mode of love conquest. But if the language of prédation can be found in heterosexual and homosexual Arabic or Persian masculine poetry, such language is absent from feminine poetry, this difference revealing the asymmetrical polarity of desire according to gender. Keywords: Arabic poetry, feelings, gender, love, nostalgia, passion, Persian poetry, third gender
Journal Article