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Abstract Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that torula yeast may replace animal and plant proteins in diets for weanling pigs without negatively impacting growth performance or blood characteristics. In exp. 1, 128 weanling pigs (6.71 ± 0.76 kg) were allotted to four treatments with four pigs per pen and eight replicate pens per diet. Pigs were fed one of four diets from day 1 to 14 post-weaning (phase 1), whereas all pigs were fed a common diet in phase 2 (day 15 to 28). The four dietary treatments included a control diet with 5% fish meal, 2.5% plasma protein, and no torula yeast. The second diet contained 5% fish meal, 4.75% torula yeast, and no plasma protein. The third diet contained 2.5% plasma protein, 6% torula yeast, and no fish meal, and the last diet contained 10.75% torula yeast, no fish meal, and no plasma protein. The inclusion of torula yeast was calculated to replace the amount of digestible Lys provided by fish meal, plasma protein, or both fish meal and plasma protein in the control diet. During the initial 14 d, fecal scores were visually assessed. At the end of phase 1, blood samples were collected and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), peptide YY, immunoglobulin G, total protein, and albumin were analyzed. Results indicated that torula yeast could replace fish meal and plasma protein without affecting growth performance, fecal scores, or blood characteristics of pigs. In exp. 2, 160 weanling pigs (6.11 ± 0.62 kg) were allotted to one of four diets with five pigs per pen and eight replicate pens per diet. Phase 1 diets contained 0%, 10%, 18%, or 26% torula yeast, whereas phase 2 diets contained 0%, 8%, 14%, or 20% torula yeast. Torula yeast was included in diets at the expense of animal proteins and soybean meal. On days 14 and 28, blood samples were collected and concentrations of cytokines, BUN, total protein, and albumin were analyzed. Phase 2 gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) linearly increased (P < 0.01) as the concentration of torula yeast increased in the diets. The concentration of albumin on day 14 linearly increased (P < 0.05) and the concentration of TNF-α was linearly reduced (P < 0.01) as the concentration of torula yeast increased in the diets. In conclusion, under the conditions of this research, torula yeast could replace fish meal and plasma protein without affecting the growth performance of pigs, but inclusion of increasing levels of torula yeast improved G:F of pigs, which may be because of greater nutrient utilization.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Bacillus coagulans (B. coagulans) on the productive performance, egg quality, blood biochemistry, antioxidant capacity, reproductive hormones, immune function, and intestinal morphology of laying hens (86 weeks old) during the late laying period. A total of 960 Hy-Line Brown layers were randomly assigned to five treatment groups, each with 6 replicates of 32 hens. Hens were grouped as follows: basal diet (control group) and a basal diet supplemented with 3.25 × 10 5 , 6.5 × 10 5 , 9.75 × 10 5 , or 1.3 × 10 6 cfu/g B. coagulans. Dietary supplementation with B. coagulans significantly enhanced egg mass, egg weight, and laying rate and decreased the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in comparison with the control group. No significant difference was observed in the feed intake, breaking rate, albumen height, haugh unit, egg yolk colour, eggshell strength, and eggshell thickness among all groups. The serum total protein (TP) levels of laying hens fed 6.5 × 10 5 cfu/g B. coagulans were higher than those of laying hens in the control group. Dietary supplementation with 3.25 × 10 5 cfu/g and 6.5 × 10 5 cfu/g B. coagulans improved the activity of glutathione peroxide (GSH-Px) compared with that of the control group. The serum IgA concentration of laying hens in the 1.3 × 10 6 cfu/g B. coagulans treatment group was higher than that of the control. In the ileum, 6.5 × 10 5 cfu/g B. coagulans supplementation significantly increased the ratio of villus height to crypt depth (VH/CD) compared to that of the control group. It can be concluded that B. coagulans, at a supplementation level of 6.5 × 10 5 cfu/g feed, can be used as an effective feed additive to improve the production performance of laying hens during the late laying period by increasing the serum TP level, serum GSH-Px activity, and ileal VH/CD ratio. HIGHLIGHTS Bacillus coagulans improved the productive performance of laying hens during the late laying period. Inclusion of Bacillus coagulans in the diet might benefit laying hens' health by improving blood biochemistry, enhancing antioxidant activity and intestinal morphology, and slightly enhancing immune ability. The optimum concentration of Bacillus coagulans as a supplement to the basal diet to promote production performance and improve host health is 6.5 × 10 5 cfu/g.

This study was conducted in the poultry farm - Department of Animal Production - College of Agriculture - University of Kufa from 9/11/2023 to 25/12/2023 for a period of 35 days. The study aims to evaluate of using of Eucalyptus oil extract with the commercial compound Pronchi-stop in drinking water to improve the blood characteristics of broiler. 300 unsexed, broiler chicks Ross 308 were randomly distributed into five treatments (each treatment included 60 chicks, with 3 replicates, and each replicate include 20 birds). The treatments were as follows: Control T1 (without addition), T2, T3 adding 0.5 or 1 ml of pronchi -stop /1 L of drinking water respectively, T4, T5 adding 0.5 or 1 ml of Eucalyptus oil extract/1 L of drinking water respectively. At marketing age, blood samples were collected from birds for each replicate to study the cellular blood characteristics (RBC, WBC, PCV, Hb) and biochemical blood characteristics (glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, albumin, globulin) in blood serum. The results indicated that: No significant differences in cellular and biochemical blood characteristics between all experimental treatments compare to control group, except in estimation of total protein concentration. A significant superiority (P≤0.05) for T2 and T5 over the control group, while no significant differences between T2, T3, T4, and T5.

The study was conducted to effect of genetically modified soybean meal on blood characteristics and milk production in Awassi ewes. Four levels of soybean meal (6% non-GMO, 6% GMO, 12% non-GMO, and 12% GMO) were used in a 2x2 randomized complete design experiment. Twenty 3-year-old Awassi ewes with an average weight of 56.9 + 1.40 kg were individually fed for two months. Blood samples were taken at the end of the experiment before morning feeding, and milk production was measured every two weeks. The results showed no significant effect of genetically modified feed on production and chemical composition of milk. However, the group consuming 12% feed had higher fat, protein, and lactose percentages compared to the group consuming 6%. There were also no significant differences in the blood traits studied, except for the percentage of VLDL increased in the groups consuming non-GMO soy meal and the percentage of RBS increased significantly in the groups consuming genetically modified soy meal. As observed of damage in the genetic material was observed at the Medium and High levels in the groups that consume genetically modified soybeans. We conclude that genetically modified soybean meal had no significant effect on the blood traits and the production and chemical composition of milk while it significantly affected the genetic material of Awassi ewes.

We determined the supplementation effects of dietary fucoidan on growth, immune responses, blood characteristics, and oxidative stress resistance of juvenile red sea bream. A fishmeal (FM)-based basal diet supplemented with 0% (D1, control), 0.05% (D2), 0.1% (D3), 0.2% (D4), 0.4% (D5), and 0.8% (D6) mozuku fucoidan to formulate six experimental diets. Each diet was randomly allocated to triplicate groups of fish (3.8 g) for 60 days. Results showed that fish-fed diet D5 showed significantly higher (P < 0.05) growth performance compared to the control (D1). Diet groups D2 to D4 also showed intermediate values compared to D1. Feed conversion efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were significantly higher in diet group D5, which was not significantly different with D3. Fucoidan supplementation increased whole-body lipid, which was significantly higher in the D5 group. Condition factor (CF) was significantly higher in fish fed ≥ 0.2% fucoidan-supplemented diet groups. Diet group D5 and D4 showed significantly lower blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level, respectively. Dietary fucoidan reduced the oxidative stress of fish. Among the measured nonspecific immune parameters, only peroxidase activity (PA) and total serum protein (TSP) were significantly influenced by dietary supplementation and it was higher in D4 group. Fucoidan supplementation reduces thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values numerically and it was lowest in fish-fed diet group D5. Under the present experimental condition, finally, we concluded that 0.3–0.4% dietary fucoidan supplementation enhanced the growth and health performance of red sea bream by increasing growth, immune response, blood characteristics, and oxidative stress resistance.

The experiment was designed to study the effect of adding natural apple vinegar adding to water and garlic powder and black bean adding to the feed on the immune system and some blood characteristics of broilers Ross 308. A total of 256 chicks were randomly divided in eight group, (16 bird in each replicate) for 35 days. The first group was fed without additives (control) (T1). Second group was added apple vinegar to water 1 ml/l (T2). Third group was added garlic powder 0.3g/kg (T3). Fourth group was added black bean 4 g / kg (T4). Fifth group was added apple vinegar 1 ml/l water and garlic powder 0.3g/kg (T5). Sixth group was added apple vinegar 1 ml/l water and black bean powder 4g/kg in the feed (T6). Seventh group was added garlic powder 0.3 g/kg and black bean 4 g/kg in diet (T7). Eighth group was added 1 ml/l water, garlic powder 0.3 g/kg and black bean 4 g/kg in diet (T8). At the end of experiment 4 birds were chosen randomly from each group (2 birds / replicate) for anatomy and calculating the weight of some organs to evaluate the effectiveness of the immune system. Blood extraction was carried out to measure the level of immunity in birds against Newcastle disease and the study of some blood characteristics. Results showed significant differences (p⩽0.05) in thymus gland weight in favor of (T7) compared with (T1, T2, T3 and T4) while not significant with (T5, T6 and T8). Results showed no significant differences in the weight of spleen between all groups (p⩽0.05) and showed a significant increase (p⩽0.05) in the level of immunity against Newcastle disease and infectious bursal disease with the highest levels of (T5 and T7), while the lowest level of immunity against these diseases it was in (T6 and T8). The results showed a significant decrease in the level of cholesterol in (T2 and T6) compared with the other experimental groups. There was a significant increase in the level of protein in the blood in favor of (T7 and T8) compared with the other experimental groups. The blood glucose level was significantly lower in favor of the (T6) compared to the other experimental groups.

This study was done by using 15 Awassi male lambs, with an average body weight of 60.70 kg and age 10-12 months. Lambs were randomly distributed into three treatments, the first treatment was fed on a diet that contained (10%) soybean meal, the second treatment was fed on a diet that contained (11%) untreated sesame seed meal, and the third treatment was fed on a diet containing (11%) of formaldehyde-treated sesame seed meal. The results showed that daily feed intake decreased in T3 by 1.07 kg as compared with the T1 and T2 (1.34 and1.27 kg) respectively, semen characteristics did not differ as a result of treatments but dead sperm in the T3 was significantly decreased (p≤0.05) 11.31% as compared with the T2 15.57%. Blood glucose was higher (p≤0.05) in the T2 at 93.97 mg/dl as compared with the T1 and T3 (72.74, 73.26 mg/dl) respectively. also, cholesterol concentration increased significantly in T3164.57 mg/dl compared with T1 and T2 (134.27 and 140.05 mg/dl) respectively. Whereas, feeding sesame meal treated with formaldehyde led to a significant decrease (p≤0.05) in blood urea concentration of 42.88 mg/dl compared to 48.14 and 50.47 mg/dl, respectively, for the T1 and T2.

The effects of chitooligosaccharide (COS) supplementation in laying hen diets on egg production, egg quality, blood biochemistry, antioxidant capacity and immunity during the late laying period were investigated in this 10-week trial. A total of 3000 Fengda No.1 laying hens, 52 weeks of age, were randomly allocated to three treatment groups, each of which included five replicates of 200 hens. Treatments consisted of the basal diet only or the basal diet supplemented with COS at 75 or 125 mg/kg. Hens fed with both COS supplemented diets had improved hen-day egg production, egg mass and feed conversion ratio than control birds. The higher level of COS supplementation exerted positive effects on eggshell strength and eggshell thickness, but significantly decreased yolk colour. Addition of 125 mg/kg COS was also found to significantly increase serum albumin content and significantly decrease serum cholesterol level. Dietary supplementation with COS significantly decreased serum triglyceride level compared with birds fed the control diet. Moreover, COS significantly increased total antioxidative capacity and significantly decreased malondialdehyde level in serum, but had no significance on the activities of antioxidant enzymes. The only change in blood immune response compounds observed in this study was a significantly increased concentration of C3 when laying hens were fed COS supplemented diets. In conclusion, COS could improve laying performance and egg quality in hens during the late laying period. Inclusion of COS in the diet might be beneficial to hens' health by lowering serum lipids, enhancing antioxidant activity and slightly enhancing immune ability. HIGHLIGHTS COS improved laying performance and egg quality in hens during the late laying period. Inclusion of COS in the diet might be beneficial to hens' health by lowering serum lipids, enhancing the antioxidant activity and slightly enhancing immune ability. The optimum concentration of COS is 75 mg/kg in the basal diet in order to achieve an increased egg production, egg quality and health condition.

The effects of dietary fermented cassava on the blood constituents and production parameters of broiler chickens have been reported with variable outcomes. Therefore, this investigation aimed to explore the impacts of dietary fermented cassava on growth traits, blood constituents, visceral organ, and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. Four databases were searched for studies that assessed responses of broiler chickens dietary fermented cassava. Eleven articles were used for the investigation, and data generated were analysed using OpenMEE software. A random effects model was used, and effect sizes were presented as standardised mean difference (SMD) at a 95 % confidence interval (CI). Sources of heterogeneity were evaluated using the following modifiers: broiler strain used, cassava form, feeding duration, type of microbes used for the fermentation, and inclusion level of cassava. Results indicate that fermented cassava-based diets increased feed intake (SMD = 0.38; 95 % CI: 0.11, 0.65; P = 0.006), feed conversion ratio (SMD = 1.26; 95 % CI: 0.91, 1.61; P < 0.001), white blood cells (SMD = 1.26; 95 % CI: 0.54, 1.98; P < 0.001), total serum protein (SMD = 1.23; 95 % CI: 0.41, 2.05; P = 0.003), serum cholesterol (SMD = 0.43; 95 % CI: 0.01, 0.85; P = 0.050), serum creatinine (SMD = 2.53; 95 % CI: 0.53, 4.53; P = 0.013), and serum uric acid (SMD = 4.33; 95 % CI: 6.25, 2.41; P < 0.001), but lowered average daily gain and carcass yield, taking heterogeneity into account. Results reveal that studied modifiers were responsible for the inconsistent results among authors. In conclusion, dietary fermented cassava negatively influenced carcass yield, growth performance, and aspects of blood indices of broiler chickens, but did not affect abdominal fat content, visceral organ weights, and cut-part weights. However, more innovative research is needed to improve the feeding quality of cassava using other biotechnological tools in order to maximise its potential as an energy source in broiler chickens.

The current experiment was carried out at the poultry farm of the Animal Production department, College of Agriculture, University of Kirkuk from 5/12/2021 until 1/2/2022. To study the effect of different levels of Moring leaves powder (2.5, 5.0, and 7.5)% on the production diet. Forty-eight quail were used at 30 days old and randomly allocated to four treatment groups with each treatment three replication with 4 birds each. The egg weight of the birds was weighed daily with a sensitive electronic balance (0.01) g. The feed intake was determined by weighing the bucket and feed before and after consumption before the next refilling of the bucket. Egg production was monitored daily and recorded for each replicate. The external egg traits were measured by using a clipper vernier (0.01) mm. and the internal egg traits were measured by using an electronic balance (0.01) g. General linear model (GLM) within the SAS program was used to calculate mean, standard error, and significance. Duncan’s multiple range test was used to test the differences between the means. The egg production and feed intake significantly differed between the treatments, it was highest in treatment four and lower production in the control group. The egg weight, egg mass, and feed conversion were non-significant between the treatments. All the external and internal egg traits were non-significant between the groups.