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To measure the correlation and agreement between arterial and peripheral venous blood lactate in the emergency room and to assess the predictive value of lactate for the occurrence of cardiac arrest. This was a retrospective cohort study involving 784 patients from January 1, 2020, to July 31, 2021, in the Emergency Room of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University. General information, vital signs, clinical symptoms, and laboratory findings of the patient were collected. Linear regression was used to analyze the correlation between arterial and venous blood lactate, Bland–Altman plots were drawn to assess the concordance of (arterial-venous) serum lactate concentrations, and the predictive value of arterial and venous lactate for the occurrence of cardiac arrest was assessed by using the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). A total of 784 emergency room patients were included in the study, of whom 384 experienced cardiac arrest and 400 had no cardiac arrest. Arterial and venous lactate univariate linear regression analysis, correlation coefficient r = 0.80, linear equation Y (venous blood lactate)  = 0.729 + 0.960*X (arterial blood lactate) , and had statistical significance ( P  < 0.001); arterial blood (lactate) and venous blood (lactate) were -0.548 (95%CI -0.774 ~ -0.322 mmol/L), and the upper and lower limits of the 95% limits of agreement (LoA) were 5.777 (95%CI 5.390 ~ 6.163 mmol/L) and -6.872 (-7.2590 ~ -6.4855 mmol/L), indicating that the consistency of arterial blood lactate and venous blood lactate is poor and statistically significant ( P  < 0.001). The results of this study show that venous and arterial blood lactate levels are not identical, but are highly correlated and are important predictors of cardiac arrest in emergency room patients.

Background: It has recently been noticed that the quantity of stress affects postural stability in young women. The study was conducted with the goal of investigating whether increased stress may damagingly effect posture control in 90 young men (71 right-handed and 19 left-handed) while maintaining an upright bipedal posture, while keeping their eyes open or closed. Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) was administered and changes in free cortisol levels were monitored (Cortisol Awakening Response, CAR) in order to evaluate the amount of stress present during awakening, while the Profile of Mood States (POMS) was used to estimate distress on the whole. Posture control was evaluated with the use of a force platform, which, while computing a confidence ellipse area of 95%, was engaged by the Center of Pressure through five stability stations and was sustained for a minimum of 52 s, with and without visual input. Another goal of the experiment was to find out whether or not cortisol increases in CAR were linked with rises of blood lactate levels. Results: CAR, PSS and POMS were found to be extensively related. Furthermore, it has been observed that increases in salivary cortisol in CAR are associated with small but significant increases in blood lactate levels. As expected, stress levels did affect postural stability. Conclusions: The results of the present study confirm that the level of stress can influence postural stability, and that this influence is principally obvious when visual information is not used in postural control.

PurposeTo investigate sports compression garment (CG)-induced recovery hemodynamics and their potential impact on subsequent cycling performance.MethodsIn a randomized crossover design, 13 physically active men (20.9 ± 1.4 years; 65.9 ± 7.8 kg; 173.3 ± 4.8 cm; peak power output 254.2 ± 27.2 W) underwent 2 experimental trials. During each experimental trial, the subjects performed 20-min fatiguing preload cycling followed by 60-min passive recovery wearing either a sports CG (28.6 ± 9.4 mmHg) or gymnastic pants (CON). A 5-min all-out cycling performance test was subsequently conducted and power output and cadence were recorded. Cardiac output (CO) and stroke volume (SV) were measured using Doppler ultrasound (USCOM®). Heart rate (HR), blood lactate [BLa−], ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), leg muscle soreness (LMS), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) were monitored at 5, 15, 30, 45, 60 min during passive recovery.ResultsDuring the subsequent 5-min all-out cycling performance test, power output (215.2 ± 24.0 vs. 210.8 ± 21.5 W, CG vs. CON) and cadence (72.5 ± 3.8 vs. 71.2 ± 4.8 rpm, CG vs. CON) were higher in CG than CON (P < 0.05). SV was higher at 15, 30 and 45 min (P < 0.05), CO was higher at 5 and 45 min (P < 0.05), HR was lower at 15 and 30 min (P < 0.05) and [BLa−] was lower at 5 and 15 min (P < 0.05) during passive recovery, while LMS was lower at all time-points (P < 0.05) compared with CON.ConclusionSports CG improves subsequent cycling performance by enhancing hemodynamic responses and attenuating perceived muscle soreness during passive recovery in physically active men.

The present study examined the effects of an exhaustive exercise on executive functions by using the Stroop Color Word Test (SCWT), Trail Making Test (TMT), A and B, and simple Reaction Time (RT). Thirty adults agreed to participate; 15 participants had a mean age of 24.7 years ± 3.2 Standard Deviation (SD, Standard Deviation) (group YOUNG), while the remaining 15 had a mean age of 58.9 years ± 2.6 SD (group OLD). Each subject performed the cognitive tasks at rest and blood lactate was measured (pre); each subject executed the acute exhaustive exercise and, immediately after the conclusion, executed the cognitive tasks and blood lactate was again measured (end). Cognitive tests were repeated and blood lactate measured 15 min after its conclusion of the exhaustive exercise (post). We observed: (1) a significant positive correlation between blood lactate levels and RT levels; (2) a significant negative relationship between levels of blood lactate and the SCWT mean score; (3) no significant correlation between blood lactate levels and TMT scores (time and errors), both A and B; (4) variations in blood lactate levels, due to exhaustive exercise, and parallel deterioration in the execution of RT and SCWT are significantly more pronounced in the group YOUNG than in the group OLD. The present study supports the possibility that high levels of blood lactate induced by an exhaustive exercise could adversely affect the executive functions pertaining to the prefrontal cortex.

This study assessed the agreement between arterial and venous blood lactate and pH levels in children with sepsis. This retrospective, three-year study involved 60 PICU patients, with data collected from electronic or paper patient records. The inclusion criteria comprised of children (≤17 years old) with sepsis and those who had a venous blood gas taken first with an arterial blood gas taken after within one hour. The lactate and pH values measured through each method were analysed. There is close agreement between venous and arterial lactate up to 2 mmol/L. As this value increases, this agreement becomes poor. The limits of agreement (LOA) are too large (±1.90 mmol/L) to allow venous and arterial lactate to be used interchangeably. The mean difference and LOA between both methods would be much smaller if derived using lactate values under 2.0 mmol/L. There is close agreement between arterial and venous pH (MD = −0.056, LOA ± 0.121). However, due to extreme variations in pH readings during sepsis, pH alone is an inadequate marker. Conclusion : A venous lactate ≤2 mmol/L can be used as a surrogate for arterial lactate during early management of sepsis in children. However, if the value exceeds 2 mmol/L, an arterial sample must confirm the venous result. What is known: • In children with septic shock, a blood gas is an important test to show the presence of acidosis and high lactic acid. Hyperlactataemia on admission is an early predictor of outcome and is associated with a greater mortality risk. • An arterial sample is the standard for lactate measurement, however getting a sample may be challenging in the emergency department or a general paediatric ward. Venous samples are quicker and easier to obtain. Adult studies generally advise caution in replacing venous lactate values for the arterial standard, whilst paediatric studies are limited in this area. What is new: • This is the first study assessing the agreement between arterial and peripheral venous lactate in children with sepsis, with a significant sample of patients. • This study shows that a venous sample with a lactate of ≤ 2 mmol/L can be used as a surrogate measurement for arterial lactate during early management of sepsis in children. However, if the venous lactate is above 2 mmol/L, an arterial sample must be taken to confirm the result.

PurposePhysical activity is associated with altered levels of circulating microRNAs (ci-miRNAs). Changes in miRNA expression have great potential to modulate biological pathways of skeletal muscle hypertrophy and metabolism. This study was designed to determine whether the profile of ci-miRNAs is altered after different approaches of endurance exercise.MethodsEighteen healthy volunteers (aged 24 ± 3 years) participated this three-arm, randomized-balanced crossover study. Each arm was a single bout of treadmill-based acute endurance exercise at (1) 100% of the individual anaerobic threshold (IANS), (2) at 80% of the IANS and (3) at 80% of the IANS with blood flow restriction (BFR). Load-associated outcomes (fatigue, feeling, heart rate, and exhaustion) as well as acute effects (circulating miRNA patterns and lactate) were determined.ResultsAll training interventions increased the lactate concentration (LC) and heart rate (HR) (p < 0.001). The high-intensity intervention (HI) resulted in a higher LC than both lower intensity protocols (p < 0.001). The low-intensity blood flow restriction (LI-BFR) protocol led to a higher HR and higher LC than the low-intensity (LI) protocol without BFR (p = 0.037 and p = 0.003). The level of miR-142-5p and miR-197-3p were up-regulated in both interventions without BFR (p < 0.05). After LI exercise, the expression of miR-342-3p was up-regulated (p = 0.038). In LI-BFR, the level of miR-342-3p and miR-424-5p was confirmed to be up-regulated (p < 0.05). Three miRNAs and LC show a significant negative correlation (miR-99a-5p, p = 0.011, r = − 0.343/miR-199a-3p, p = 0.045, r = − 0.274/miR-125b-5p, p = 0.026, r = − 0.302). Two partial correlations (intervention partialized) showed a systematic impact of the type of exercise (LI-BFR vs. HI) (miR-99a-59: r = − 0.280/miR-199a-3p: r = − 0.293).ConclusionMiRNA expression patterns differ according to type of activity. We concluded that not only the intensity of the exercise (LC) is decisive for the release of circulating miRNAs—as essential is the type of training and the oxygen supply.

Background: Sambo is a martial art and combat sport that originated in the Soviet Union. There are two main stiles, Sport Sambo and Combat Sambo which resembles modern mixed martial arts. Very little literature is available about physiological aspects of Sambo and, in particular, on the possible effects on cognitive domains. The purpose of the present research was to determine if there is a correlation between a blood lactate increase and the intensity and/or selectivity of attentions. Methods: Sixteen male athletes practicing Sambo for at least 5 years participated voluntarily in the study. Each athlete had to sustain, with an interval of one week, both a Sport Sambo match and a Combat Sambo match, each lasting 5 min. Blood lactate levels as well as attentive capacities were evaluated at three different times: at rest, i.e., 5 min before the start of the session (pre), at end of the session and 15 min after its conclusion. Reaction time protocol was used to evaluate the intensity of attention, whereas divided attention was assessed for analyzing the selectivity of attention together with errors and omissions. Results: Concerning Sport Sambo, blood lactate was 1.66 mmol/L (±0.55 SD) before the session, reached a mean value of 3.40 mmol/L (±0.45 SD) at the end of the session (end) and returned to values similar to initial ones (a mean value of 1.98 mmol/L (±0.37 SD) after 15 min (15-end). None of the attentive parameters examined, showed statistically significant differences. Conversely, for Combat Sambo, it was found a significant increase in blood lactate levels that went from 1.66 mmol/L (±0.55 SD) before the session (pre), to 4.76 mmol/L (±0.60 SD) at the end (end) and then back to values similar to those observed before the session 15 min after its conclusion (15-end), i.e., 1.97 mmol/L (±0.37 SD); however, after a Combat Sambo session increases in blood lactate were associated with significant worsening of attentional mechanisms. Conclusions: In conclusion, in all the participants, the worsening of attentional mechanisms was observed only after the Combat Sambo session in which blood lactate values exceeded 4 mmol/L. This figure, also known as the Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation (OBLA), is commonly used to determine the anaerobic threshold.

To examine the effects of regular participation in recreational soccer on health profile, 36 healthy untrained Danish men aged 20–43 years were randomised into a soccer group (SO; n = 13), a running group (RU; n = 12) and a control group (CO; n = 11). Training was performed for 1 h two or three times per week for 12 weeks; at an average heart rate of 82% (SEM 2%) and 82% (1%) of HRmax for SO and RU, respectively. During the 12 week period, maximal oxygen uptake increased (p<0.05) by 13% (3%) and 8% (3%) in SO and RU, respectively. In SO, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were reduced (p<0.05) from 130 (2) to 122 (2) mm Hg and from 77 (2) to 72 (2) mm Hg, respectively, after 12 weeks, with similar decreases observed for RU. After the 12 weeks of training, fat mass was 3.0% (2.7 (0.6) kg) and 1.8% (1.8 (0.4) kg) lower (p<0.05) for SO and RU, respectively. Only SO had an increase in lean body mass (1.7 (0.4) kg, p<0.05), an increase in lower extremity bone mass (41 (8) g, p<0.05), a decrease in LDL-cholesterol (2.7 (0.2) to 2.3 (0.2) mmol/l; p<0.05) and an increase (p<0.05) in fat oxidation during running at 9.5 km/h. The number of capillaries per muscle fibre was 23% (4%) and 16% (7%) higher (p<0.05) in SO and RU, respectively, after 12 weeks. No changes in any of the measured variables were observed for CO. In conclusion, participation in regular recreational soccer training, organised as small-sided drills, has significant beneficial effects on health profile and physical capacity for untrained men, and in some aspects it is superior to frequent moderate-intensity running.

Purpose We attempted to evaluate whether the early lactate area is useful as an early prognostic marker of mortality in pediatric septic shock patients. Methods We performed a retrospective study of pediatric patients with septic shock who were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit of Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea. Serial arterial lactate levels were obtained immediately and then every 6 h after admission for a total of 24 h. The lactate area (mmol/lh) was defined as the sum of the area under the curve (AUC) of serial lactate levels measured during the 24 h following admission. We compared the lactate-associated parameters as a predictor of mortality. Results A total of 65 patients were included in this study, and the overall 28-day mortality of these patients was 26.2 %. Survivors compared with non-survivors had an initial lactate level of 3.13 ± 2.79 vs. 6.16 ± 4.87 mmol/l, a lactate clearance of 32.8 ± 63.4 vs. −30.8 ± 75.6 %, and a lactate area of 59.7 ± 56.0 vs. 168.0 ± 107.0 mmol/lh ( p  < 0.05 for all variables). Receiver operating characteristic curves indicated a strong predictive power for the lactate area (AUC = 0.828), which demonstrated the largest AUC in comparison with the AUCs of the initial lactate level (0.699) or the 24-h lactate clearance (0.719). Using multivariate logistic regression analysis, the lactate area was a significant prognostic factor. Conclusion The early lactate area is a potentially feasible and clinically useful predictor of mortality in pediatric septic shock patients.

d-Allulose, a rare sugar, improves glucose metabolism and has been proposed as a candidate calorie restriction mimetic. This study aimed to investigate the effects of d-allulose on aerobic performance and recovery from exhaustion and compared them with the effects of exercise training. Male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to exercise and allowed to run freely on a wheel. Aerobic performance was evaluated using a treadmill. Glucose metabolism was analyzed by an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (ipGTT). Skeletal muscle intracellular signaling was analyzed by Western blotting. Four weeks of daily oral administration of 3% d-allulose increased running distance and shortened recovery time as assessed by an endurance test. d-Allulose administration also increased the maximal aerobic speed (MAS), which was observed following treatment for >3 or 7 days. The improved performance was associated with lower blood lactate levels and increased liver glycogen levels. Although d-allulose did not change the overall glucose levels as determined by ipGTT, it decreased plasma insulin levels, indicating enhanced insulin sensitivity. Finally, d-allulose enhanced the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase and the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α. Our results indicate that d-allulose administration enhances endurance ability, reduces fatigue, and improves insulin sensitivity similarly to exercise training. d-Allulose administration may be a potential treatment option to alleviate obesity and enhance aerobic exercise performance.