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"Bombardment"
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Hiroshima and Nagasaki
This title chronicles the U.S. bombing of these Japanese cities during World War II. Topics include the development of the atomic bomb, Nixons decision to drop the bombs, and the long-term consequences of this historical event. Primary source accounts present reactions from both sides.
Book
Truman and the Bomb
Many myths have grown up around President Harry S. Truman's
decision to use nuclear weapons against Imperial Japan. In
destroying these myths, Truman and the Bomb will
discomfort both Truman's critics and his supporters, and force
historians to reexamine what they think they know about
the end of the Pacific War. Myth : Truman didn't
know of the atomic bomb's development before he became president.
Fact : Truman's knowledge of the bomb is revealed
in his own carefully worded letters to a Senate colleague and
specifically discussed in the correspondence between the army
officers assigned to his Senate investigating committee.
Myth : The huge casualty estimates cited by Truman
and Secretary of War Henry Stimson were a postwar creation devised
to hide their guilt for killing thousands of defenseless civilians.
Fact : The flagrantly misrepresented \"low\" numbers
are based on narrow slices of highly qualified-and limited-U.S.
Army projections printed in a variety of briefing documents and are
not from the actual invasion planning against Japan.
Myth : Truman wanted to defeat Japan without any
assistance from the Soviet Union and to freeze the USSR out of the
postwar settlements. Fact : President Franklin D.
Roosevelt and President Truman desperately wanted Stalin's
involvement in the bloody endgame of World War II and worked
diligently-and successfully-toward that end. Using previously
unpublished material, D. M. Giangreco busts these myths and more.
An award-winning historian and expert on Truman, Giangreco is
perfectly situated to debunk the many deep-rooted falsehoods about
the roles played by American, Soviet, and Japanese leaders during
the end of the World War II in the Pacific. Truman and the
Bomb , a concise yet comprehensive study of Truman's decision
to use the atomic bomb, will prove to be a classic for studying
presidential politics and influence on atomic warfare and its
military and diplomatic components. Making this book particularly
valuable for professors and students as well as for military,
diplomatic, and presidential historians and history buffs are
extensive primary source materials, including the planned U.S.
naval and air operations in support of the Soviet invasion of
Manchuria. These documents support Giangreco's arguments while
enabling the reader to enter the mindsets of Truman and his
administration as well as the war's key Allied participants.
eBook
SunUp and Sunset genomes revealed impact of particle bombardment mediated transformation and domestication history in papaya
Transgenic papaya is widely publicized for controlling papaya ringspot virus. However, the impact of particle bombardment on the genome remains unknown. The transgenic SunUp and its progenitor Sunset genomes were assembled into 351.5 and 350.3 Mb in nine chromosomes, respectively. We identified a 1.64 Mb insertion containing three transgenic insertions in SunUp chromosome 5, consisting of 52 nuclear-plastid, 21 nuclear-mitochondrial and 1 nuclear genomic fragments. A 591.9 kb fragment in chromosome 5 was translocated into the 1.64 Mb insertion. We assembled a gapless 9.8 Mb hermaphrodite-specific region of the Y
h
chromosome and its 6.0 Mb X counterpart. Resequencing 86 genomes revealed three distinct groups, validating their geographic origin and breeding history. We identified 147 selective sweeps and defined the essential role of zeta-carotene desaturase in carotenoid accumulation during domestication. Our findings elucidated the impact of particle bombardment and improved our understanding of sex chromosomes and domestication to expedite papaya improvement.
Genome assemblies for the SunUp transgenic papaya and its progenitor Sunset identify three transgene-insertions in SunUp. Resequencing of 86 papaya genomes highlights the impacts of breeding and geographic origin.
Journal Article
Genome editing of bread wheat using biolistic delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 in vitro transcripts or ribonucleoproteins
This protocol is an extension to: Nat. Protoc. 9, 2395-2410 (2014); doi:10.1038/nprot.2014.157; published online 18 September 2014In recent years, CRISPR/Cas9 has emerged as a powerful tool for improving crop traits. Conventional plant genome editing mainly relies on plasmid-carrying cassettes delivered by Agrobacterium or particle bombardment. Here, we describe DNA-free editing of bread wheat by delivering in vitro transcripts (IVTs) or ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) of CRISPR/Cas9 by particle bombardment. This protocol serves as an extension of our previously published protocol on genome editing in bread wheat using CRISPR/Cas9 plasmids delivered by particle bombardment. The methods we describe not only eliminate random integration of CRISPR/Cas9 into genomic DNA, but also reduce off-target effects. In this protocol extension article, we present detailed protocols for preparation of IVTs and RNPs; validation by PCR/restriction enzyme (RE) and next-generation sequencing; delivery by biolistics; and recovery of mutants and identification of mutants by pooling methods and Sanger sequencing. To use these protocols, researchers should have basic skills and experience in molecular biology and biolistic transformation. By using these protocols, plants edited without the use of any foreign DNA can be generated and identified within 9-11 weeks.
Journal Article
Five Days in August
Most Americans believe that the Second World War ended because the two atomic bombs dropped on Japan forced it to surrender.Five Days in Augustboldly presents a different interpretation: that the military did not clearly understand the atomic bomb's revolutionary strategic potential, that the Allies were almost as stunned by the surrender as the Japanese were by the attack, and that not only had experts planned and fully anticipated the need for a third bomb, they were skeptical about whether the atomic bomb would work at all. With these ideas, Michael Gordin reorients the historical and contemporary conversation about the A-bomb and World War II.
Gordin posits that although the bomb clearly brought with it a new level of destructive power, strategically it was regarded by decision-makers simply as a new conventional weapon, a bigger firebomb. To lend greater understanding to the thinking behind its deployment, Gordin takes the reader to the island of Tinian, near Guam, the home base for the bombing campaign, and the location from which the anticipated third atomic bomb was to be delivered. He also details how Americans generated a new story about the origins of the bomb after surrender: that the United States knew in advance that the bomb would end the war and that its destructive power was so awesome no one could resist it.
Five Days in Augustexplores these and countless other legacies of the atomic bomb in a glaring new light. Daring and iconoclastic, it will result in far-reaching discussions about the significance of the A-bomb, about World War II, and about the moral issues they have spawned.
eBook
A review of performance improvement strategies for graphene oxide-based and graphene-based membranes in water treatment
In the past few decades, due to the rapid development of industry and the rapid growth of population, emissions of pollutants to the environment have increased dramatically, and the demand for drinking water is also increasing. Water treatment is a matter of concern because it is directly related to the health of humans and wildlife. Graphene and its derivatives have potential applications in seawater desalination and wastewater treatment due to their unique pore structure and ionic molecular sieving separation capabilities. Graphene, graphene oxide (GO), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) can be formulated into nanoporous materials and composites with tunable properties that can be optimized for water filtration. Methods for perforating graphene include ion etching/ion bombardment and electron beam nanometer engraving, which are briefly introduced in this paper. Graphene-based composites further expand the capabilities of graphene in seawater desalination and wastewater treatment, by introducing new features and properties. In this review, the performance improvement of graphene-based separation membranes in decontamination and desalination in recent years is reviewed in detail. This review focuses on improving the performance of graphene-based membranes for separation, decontamination, and seawater desalination applications, by discussing how various modifications and preparation methods impact important performance properties, including water permeance, selectivity, rejection of solutes, membrane mechanical strength, and antifouling characteristics. We also discuss the outlook for future development of graphene-based membranes.
Journal Article