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"Bourbons, 1700"
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The Spanish Atlantic world in the eighteenth century : war and the Bourbon reforms, 1713-1796
\"This volume elucidates Bourbon colonial policy with emphasis on Madrid's efforts to reform and modernize its American holdings. Set in an Atlantic world context, the book highlights the interplay between Spain and America as the Spanish empire struggled for survival amid the fierce international competition that dominated the eighteenth century. The authors use extensive research in the repositories of Spain and America, as well as innovative consultation of the French Foreign Affairs archive, to bring into focus the poorly understood reformist efforts of the early Bourbons, which laid the foundation for the better-known agenda of Charles III. As the book unfolds, the narrative puts flesh on the men and women who, for better or worse, influenced colonial governance. It is the story of power, ambition, and idealism at the highest levels\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Spain, Europe and the Wider World 1500-1800
When J. H. Elliott publishedSpain and Its World, 1500-1700some twenty years ago, one of many enthusiasts declared, \"For anyone interested in the history of empire, of Europe and of Spain, here is a book to keep within reach, to read, to study and to enjoy\" (Times Literary Supplement). Since then Elliott has continued to explore the history of Spain and the Hispanic world with originality and insight, producing some of the most influential work in the field. In this new volume he gathers writings that reflect his recent research and thinking on politics, art, culture, and ideas in Europe and the colonial worlds between 1500 and 1800.
The volume includes fourteen essays, lectures, and articles of remarkable breadth and freshness, written with Elliott's characteristic brio. It includes an unpublished lecture in honor of the late Hugh Trevor-Roper. Organized around three themes-early modern Europe, European overseas expansion, and the works and historical context of El Greco, Velázquez, Rubens, and Van Dyck-the book offers a rich survey of the themes at the heart of Elliott's interests throughout a career distinguished by excellence and innovation.
eBook
Aristocracy and its enemies in the age of revolution
Since time immemorial Europe had been dominated by nobles and nobilities. In the 18th century their power seemed better entrenched than ever. But in 1790 the French revolutionaries made a determined attempt to abolish nobility entirely. ‘Aristocracy’ became the term for everything they were against, and the nobility of France, so recently the most dazzling and sophisticated elite in the European world, found itself persecuted in ways that horrified counterparts in other countries. This book traces the roots of the attack on nobility at this time, looking at intellectual developments over the preceding centuries, in particular the impact of the American Revolution. It traces the steps by which French nobles were disempowered and persecuted, a period during which large numbers fled the country and many perished or were imprisoned. In the end, abolition of the aristocracy proved impossible, and nobles recovered much of their property. Napoleon set out to reconcile the remnants of the old nobility to the consequences of revolution, and created a titled elite of his own. After his fall, the restored Bourbons offered renewed recognition to all forms of nobility. But 19th-century French nobles were a group transformed and traumatized by the revolutionary experience, and they never recovered their old hegemony and privileges. As the author shows, if the revolutionaries failed in their attempt to abolish nobility, they nevertheless began the longer term process of aristocratic decline that has marked the last two centuries.
eBook
Introducing the “Lottery of Death”
A little over a month after the execution of Paulino Pallás atop nearby Montjuich mountain, much of the anxiety that had plagued Barcelona elites had begun to fade. Things seemed to be gradually returning to normal. Certainly, the early November explosion of the Cabo Machichaco transporting dynamite to the port of Santander that killed 590 people renewed the pervasive fear of explosives, but at least it was accidental. For some, the opening of the winter season of the opera at the Liceo Theater must have been a welcomed diversion from dynamite. This was especially true for the wife and two
Book Chapter
Comercio Libre and the Rise of Commercial Risk
While supported by the large and experienced merchants, the regulated Spanish trade system had many vocal detractors. For more than a century, Spanish political economists (arbitristas and proyectistas) had criticized Spanish mercantilism and argued in favor of reform. While their justifications differed, their general thrust was that the closed system had retarded growth of the Spanish economy and that deregulation would expand trade, promote local Iberian industries, and benefit the Royal trea sury. Limited reforms were introduced in 1720, but broader change was delayed, to some degree because of the organized resistance of the empire’s dominant traders the members of
Book Chapter
A Tale of Two Despots
This chapter examines the roots of the French conquest of Algeria in 1830. According to historians of both French politics and North African colonialism, the invasion of the then-Ottoman regency was a by-product of the Bourbon Restoration's final collapse. Faced with widespread popular opposition and a strong liberal majority in the elected Chamber of Deputies, King Charles X and his ultraroyalist prime minister, Jules de Polignac, engineered the expedition against Algiers in a last, desperate bid for public and electoral support. The chapter shows that monarchy did intend the expedition to divert public attention from domestic travails, including a worsening economic recession, a wave of mysterious fires in Normandy, and the growing unpopularity of the Polignac government. However, a closer investigation of the ways that the government and its opponents represented the expedition shows not only why it failed to salvage the monarchy, but how it actually served to further undermine the legitimacy of the Bourbon regime.
Book Chapter
A Shared Political Culture
To understand the formation of the new nations of America, among them México, it is necessary to examine the nature of the Antiguo Régimen. Many erroneously believe that the Spanish Monarchy was highly centralized, confuse absolute with autocratic rule, and equate the modern concept of colony with pre-nineteenth-century governing practices. As a result of these misconceptions many have assumed wrongly that the representative political structures established in the postindependence period were alien systems imported from Great Britain, the United States, and France.¹ That is not correct. To comprehend the nature of political culture in late eighteenth-century New Spain, it is
Book Chapter
The Proper Name of El País de los Incas
In the middle to late decades of the eighteenth century, an enlightened Bourbon and Creole project of imperial revival set out to recover the fading grandeur and prestige of “Spain” and “Peru.” To use the naturalistic metaphors of that project, it provided fertile soil for the erudite cultivation of a verdant patriotism rooted in a historical, scientific, and practical discourse on the país or country. As in Europe, the ancient theological and dynastic language and topoi of the “three kingdoms” of “Nature”—mineral, vegetal, animal—and the “Great Chain of Being” remained key to this discourse. However, and as Arthur
Book Chapter
Massacre and Restoration
On the night of 25 June 1815, an angry mob surged through the streets of Marseille baying for Egyptian blood. The pogrom had begun as a settling of political scores with the Bonapartists, who had dominated this royalist stronghold under the Empire, and again during the Hundred Days of Napoleon’s return to power from his exile on Elba. But it rapidly took on a racial cast. Intoxicated by violence, the crowd accompanying the royalist militias began to focus their fury upon easier targets, those whose color or dress marked them out as guilty. Within hours, dozens lay butchered in the
Book Chapter
Epilogue
The epilogue discusses the Rome visit of the Bourbon king of Spain, Juan Carlos, in the year 2000. It describes a number of locations where, if Juan Carlos had visited them, he would have seen lasting reminders of the Spanish claim to Rome in the early modern period. Some locations mentioned include the Spanish Academy of Art, the Spanish embassy to the Italian government, and the Spanish grammar school, located next to the church of San Pietro in Montorio.
Book Chapter