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Introduction. To facilitate establishment of pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) cultivations in new areas, factors affecting its propagation by cuttings and seeds were studied. Materials and methods. Firstly, cuttings of (5, 15 and 25) cm length were tested in three substrates: peat moss (pm), peat moss and sand mix (1:1) (pm/sa) and sand (sa). Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) solutions were prepared at [0, 5, 10 or 15] mM dissolved in 70% ethanol. After the basal cuttings were dipped for 10 s in these IBA solutions, cuttings were planted in (pm/sa). After (1, 2 or 3) weeks, the cutting rooting, number and length of the developed roots were measured. Moreover, germination was tested at four temperatures [(16, 20, 24 and 28) °C] by placing seeds on wetted filter papers in Petri dishes. Light effect was tested at four white light intensities of (0, 500, 1000 or 2000) lx. Seed viability was tested at 24 °C in darkness with 1000 seeds. The effect of (pm), (pm/sa) and (sa) was tested on germination and seedling growth. The percentage of germination, days to emergence and growth rate of seedlings were measured. Results and discussion. After two weeks, 25-cm pitaya cuttings rooted successfully in the three substrates, but the number and length of the developed roots were affected by the type of substrate. A significant effect of cutting size on root initiation, and number and length of the developed roots was found. IBA consistently improved rooting percentage and root number and length. Overall, 5-cm-long cuttings treated with IBA (10 mM) could be efficient at propagating pitaya. The seed viability was 83%. Germination, which varied between (71 and 83)% depending on the temperature, began after 6 days at (24 and 28) °C. Light intensity at (1000 or 2000) lx reduced seed germination. Potted seedlings grew successfully in the greenhouse. Introduction. Pour faciliter l’établissement de la culture du pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) dans de nouveaux secteurs, des facteurs affectant sa propagation par boutures et semis ont été étudiés. Matériel et méthodes. Tout d’abord, des boutures de (5, 15 et 25) cm de longueur ont été testées sur trois différents substrats : de la tourbe (to), un mélange (1:1) de tourbe et de sable (to/sa) et du sable (sa). Des solutions à (0, 5, 10 ou 15) mM d’acide indole-3-butyric (IBA) ont été préparées dans de l’éthanol à 70 %. Des boutures trempées 10 s dans de telles solutions d’IBA ont été plantées dans le substrat (to/sa). Après (1, 2 ou 3) semaines, le taux d’enracinement des boutures et le nombre et la longueur des racines développées ont été mesurés. Par ailleurs, la germination a été suivie à quatre températures [(16, 20, 24 et 28) °C] en plaçant des graines en boîtes de Pétri sur du papier filtre mouillé. L’effet de la lumière a été évalué à quatre intensités de la lumière blanche [(0, 500, 1000 ou 2000) lx]. La viabilité des graines a été mesurée à 24 °C, à l’obscurité, sur 1000 graines. L’effet des substrats (to), (to/sa) et (sa) a été testé sur la germination et la croissance des plantules. Le taux de germination, l’émergence et la croissance des plantules ont été mesurés. Résultats et discussion. En deux semaines, les boutures de pitaya de 25 cm se sont enracinées avec succès dans les trois substrats, mais le nombre et la longueur des racines développées ont différé selon le substrat. Un effet significatif de la taille de la bouture sur la formation de racines et sur le nombre et la longueur des racines développées a été trouvé. Le traitement à l’IBA a amélioré le taux d’enracinement, ainsi que le nombre et la longueur des racines. De façon générale, les boutures de 5 cm traitées avec 10 mM IBA pourraient être efficaces pour propager le pitaya. La viabilité des graines a été de 83 %. La germination, qui a varié de (71 à 83) % selon la température, a commencé après 6 jours à (24 et 28) °C. Une intensité lumineuse de (1000 ou 2000) lx a freiné la germination des graines. Les jeunes plantes mises en pot se sont développées avec succès en serre.

Introduction. Pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) is an exotic fruit species little known in Brazil and which needs basic studies about plant nutrition, propagation and physiology. Emphasizing the co-existence of juvenile and adult stages in the pitaya canopy, the plant is generally propagated by cuttings. Materials and methods. A completely randomized design with four treatments and five replications was adopted. Each treatment was represented by the part of the canopy from which the cutting was taken (upper, middle and lower cutting and cuttings from young plants). The following variables were registered: % cuttings with roots, % of live cuttings, root density, root diameter, root area, root length and root dry mass. Results were submitted to variance analyses, Tukey’s test at 0.01 probability error and simple correlation analysis. Results and discussion. The results indicated that the position from which the cutting is taken had a quantitative effect on rooting formation of pitaya cuttings. Juvenile cuttings presented 35% more cuttings with roots than adult cuttings. Root density, root area, root length and root dry mass depended on juvenility, the highest results being registered for juvenile cuttings, independently of the variable. Conclusion. Juvenile and adult stages co-exist in the pitaya canopy. Juvenility is an important rooting factor for red pitaya cuttings. Introduction. Le pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) est une espèce fruitière exotique peu connue au Brésil et qui nécessite des études de base sur la nutrition, le bouturage et la physiologie de la plante. Du fait de la coexistence de stades juvéniles et adultes sur un même plant de pitaya, cette plante est généralement propagée par boutures. Matériel et méthodes. Un dispositif expérimental entièrement randomisé avec quatre traitements et cinq réplications a été adopté. Chaque traitement a été identifié par la partie de la plante sur laquelle la bouture a été prélevée (boutures de base, intermédiaires et d’extrémité, et boutures de jeunes plantes). Ont été considérés les pourcentages de boutures avec racines, les pourcentages de boutures vivantes, la densité des racines, leur diamètre, leur section, leur longueur et leur poids sec. Les résultats ont été soumis à des analyses de variance, au test de Tukey (seuil de 1 %) et à l'analyse de corrélations simples. Résultats et discussion. La position, sur le plant, du fragment prélevé a eu un effet quantitatif sur l’enracinement de la bouture de pitaya. Les boutures prélevées sur portions juvéniles ont présenté 35 % de boutures avec racines en plus que les boutures prélevées sur portions adultes. La densité des racines, leur section, leur longueur et leur poids sec ont été conditionnés par l’état juvénile des boutures ; quelle que soit la variable, les meilleurs résultats ont été obtenus à partir de boutures issues de tissus juvéniles. Conclusion. Les stades juvéniles et adultes coexistent sur un même plant de pitaya. La juvénilité est un facteur favorisant l’enracinement des boutures de pitaya rouge.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of putrescine (PUT) on the rooting of GF677 cuttings under mist condition. Treatments used include PUT concentrations (2 and 4 mM for 5 minutes), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) using the quick dip method (1500 nad 3000 mg/l for five seconds), and a commercial rooting powder and control (without any rooting substances). Treatments were applied at the end of the dormant season. Growth data were obtained 120 days after the treatments. The results showed that application of 1500 mg/l of IBA and commercial rooting powder improved GF677 rooting, but 3000 mg/l of IBA resulted in toxic effects on rooting anjd foliage of the cuttings. Cuttings treated with PUT solutions showed the best roots and shoots in terms of the number and quality. In conclusion, IBA may be replaced by PUT in the rooting process of GF677 cuttings.

In 2004, virus-like symptoms consisting of yellow rings in older leaves were observed in the foliage of Mandevilla sanderi grown from shoots in the province of Catania (Sicily, Italy). The plants were tested for virus presence using DAS-ELISA, mechanical inoculations to the host, RT-PCR and SSCP. Serological tests detected Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in all symptomatic leaf samples. The virus was mechanically transmitted to 11 of the 15 host species tested, including some species of the Chenopodiaceae and Solanaceae families; indicator plants showed symptoms typical of CMV subgroup I. RT-PCR, SSCP and cloning were employed to characterize this CMV isolate and to make clear its genetic relationship with selected CMV isolates from other Countries. From this analysis, CMV-M. sanderi appeared closely related to AY153419 (CMV-PIM-SP-BR, subgroup IA) (nucleotide identities higher than 98%) from Brazil. The virus was transmitted by sap inoculation to healthy M. sanderi plants. As far as we know, this is the first report of virus infection in M. sanderi and it then appears that this ornamental shrub is a new natural host of CMV [Nel 2004 sono stati osservati sintomi riconducibili a virosi, consistenti in anelli giallastri nelle foglie più vecchie, nel fogliame di Mandevillea sanderi derivanti da talee, in provincia di Catania (Sicilia). Sulle piante sono stati effettuati test per accertare la presenza di virus mediante DAS-ELISA, inoculazioni meccaniche dell'ospite, RT-PCR e SSCP. I test sierologici hanno consentito di diagnosticare la presenza del Virus del mosaico del cetriolo (CMV) in tutti i campioni di foglie sintomatiche. Il virus è stato trasmesso per via meccanica a 11 delle 15 specie ospiti saggiate, comprese alcune specie delle famiglie delle Chenopodiaceae e Solanaceae; le piante indicatrici hanno evidenziato i sintomi tipici del CMV sottogruppo I. Sono state impiegati RT-PCR, SSCP e clonazione per caratterizzare questo isolato di CMV e per chiarire i suoi rapporti genetico con isolati di CMV provenienti da altri Paesi. In base a queste analisi, il CMV-M. sanderi è risultato strettamente affine a AY153419 (CMV-PIM-SP-BR, sottogruppo IA) (identità dei nucleotidi maggiore del 98%) di origine brasiliana. In base alle nostre informazioni, questa è la prima segnalazione di infezione virale in M. sanderi ed è quindi evidente che questo arbusto ornamentale è un nuovo ospite naturale del CMV.]

Field trials at three locations were used to evaluate survival and early growth of Paulownia elongata, P. fortunei, and P. × 'Henan 1' plants produced from seeds, shoot cuttings, and micropropagated shoots. One year after field establishment, trees produced by either vegetative propagation method survived with higher frequency and were taller and of greater diameter breast height than trees grown from seed. The influence of propagation method was more pronounced in P. elongata and P. fortunei than in P. × 'Henan 1'. Survival frequency was similar for each species/hybrid, but both species were taller than P. × 'Henan 1' across propagation method and site. Field site had a pronounced influence on tree survival and height. Species/hybrid differences were not detected at the site that promoted the greatest tree growth, but P. elongata outperformed P. fortunei and P. × 'Henan 1' at the two sub-optimal sites. Clones within species/hybrid produced through micropropagation differed in survival frequency, height, and diameter breast height. Under the conditions used for this study, Paulownia field survival and early growth in central North Carolina was improved by using P. elongata or P. fortunei produced by rooting shoot cuttings or micropropagated shoots. Significant variation among clones within these species demonstrated the potential benefit of identifying superior clones to improve first year field survival and growth.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

The effects of propagation medium and the type of auxin on root and shoot development of stem cuttings of Calliandra calothyrsus were investigated in two experiments. Cuttings were taken from four-week-old coppice shoots from a cleared C. calothyrsus plantation. In Experiment 1, the effects of five propagation media; fine sand (FS) (3 mm), sawdust (SD), fine gravel (FG) (6 mm) and 50:50 mixtures of FS:SD and FG:SD were compared. In Experiment 2, two commercial brands of auxin rooting powder - 'Seradix 3' (IBA) and 'Bouture CF' (NAA, IBA and MNAA) were evaluated. The experiments were done in a low-cost, non-mist propagator system in Cameroon. Propagation medium had a significant (P = 0.05) effect on mean rooting percentage (FS = 43% and FS:SD = 93%). The effect of the media on shoot growth from the cuttings (height, basal diameter and root biomass) were also significant (P = 0.05). The application of both the commercial brands of auxin significantly enhanced rooting (84% for untreated cuttings and 91% for IBA- treated cuttings). Bouture CF promoted shoot development from the cuttings, while Seradix 3 inhibited shoot development. The results indicate that in the humid lowlands of Cameroon, where seed productivity of C. calothyrsus is known to be very poor, large-scale production of young plants using these techniques is possible.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

Vegetative propagation of Khaya ivorensis (African mahogany): effects of stockplant flushing cycle, auxin and leaf area on carbohydrate and nutrient dynamics of cuttings. Four clones of Khaya ivorensis were grown in tropical glasshouses in Edinburgh. Single-node cuttings were treated with IBA and set under mist. Duplicate batches of cuttings were dried and analysed for their soluble carbohydrate and starch contents after 0, 10, 20 and 30 days in the propagator. The first experiment tested the factorial combination of two levels of IBA (0 and 200 miu gram) and two leaf areas (50 and 100 square centimetres). The primary effect was the enhanced rooting of auxin-treated cuttings. In the reducing sugar and starch contents (mg/cutting) of both leaf and stem, there was a decline up to day 10, with subsequent increase to day 20, especially in the larger-leaved, auxin-treated cuttings. In the second experiment, cuttings from dormant and flsuhing shoots were trimmed to 50 square centimetres leaf area and treated with 200 miu gram IBA. Cuttings from dormant shoots tended to root better than those from flushing shoots, this effect being significant in clone 8002. Flushing shoots had a greater concentration ( per cent of dry mass) of soluble carbohydrates than dormant shoots throughout the 30-day propagation period. N, P, K concentrations were not significantly different in dormant or flushing shoots. Cuttings from basal nodes had greater NPK, soluble carbohydrate and starch contents, especially in dormant shoots. Rooting in dormant shoots peaked at node 7, but fluctuated between node positions in flushing shoots. It is concluded that there is no evidence of carbohydrates being a major factor affecting the rooting ability of K. ivorensis cuttings.